Certain substituted amides, method of making, and method of use thereof

ABSTRACT

At least one chemical entity chosen from compounds of Formula 1 
                         
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates, non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof is described herein.
 
     Pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one chemical entity of the invention, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle chosen from carriers adjuvants, and excipients, are described. 
     Methods of treating patients suffering from certain diseases responsive to inhibition of Btk activity and/or B-cell activity are described. Methods for determining the presence of Btk in a sample are described.

This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/843,833 filed Sep. 11, 2006.

Provided herein are certain substituted amides and related compounds,compositions comprising such compounds, and methods of their use.

Protein kinases, the largest family of human enzymes, encompass wellover 500 proteins. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (Btk) is a member of the Tecfamily of tyrosine kinases, and is a regulator of early B-celldevelopment as well as mature B-cell activation, signaling, andsurvival.

B-cell signaling through the B-cell receptor (BCR) can lead to a widerange of biological outputs, which in turn depend on the developmentalstage of the B-cell. The magnitude and duration of BCR signals must beprecisely regulated. Aberrant BCR-mediated signaling can causedisregulated B-cell activation and/or the formation of pathogenicauto-antibodies leading to multiple autoimmune and/or inflammatorydiseases. Mutation of Btk in humans results in X-linkedagammaglobulinaemia (XLA). This disease is associated with the impairedmaturation of B-cells, diminished immunoglobulin production, compromisedT-cell-independent immune responses and marked attenuation of thesustained calcium sign upon BCR stimulation.

Evidence for the role of Btk in allergic disorders and/or autoimmunedisease and/or inflammatory disease has been established inBtk-deficient mouse models. For example, in standard murine preclinicalmodels of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Btk deficiency has beenshown to result in a marked amelioration of disease progression.Moreover, Btk deficient mice can also be resistant to developingcollagen-induced arthritis and can be less susceptible toStaphylococcus-induced arthritis.

A large body of evidence supports the role of B-cells and the humoralimmune system in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and/or inflammatorydiseases. Protein-based therapeutics (such as Rituxan) developed todeplete B-cells, represent an approach to the treatment of a number ofautoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases. Because of Btk's role in B-cellactivation, inhibitors of Btk can be useful as inhibitors of B-cellmediated pathogenic activity (such as autoantibody production).

Btk is also expressed in mast cells and monocytes and has been shown tobe important for the function of these cells. For example, Btkdeficiency in mice is associated with impaired IgE-mediated mast cellactivation (marked diminution of TNF-alpha and other inflammatorycytokine release), and Btk deficiency in humans is associated withgreatly reduced TNF-alpha production by activated monocytes.

Thus, inhibition of Btk activity can be useful for the treatment ofallergic disorders and/or autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases suchas: SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple vasculitides, idiopathicthrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), myasthenia gravis, allergic rhinitis,and asthma. In addition, Btk has been reported to play a role inapoptosis; thus, inhibition of Btk activity can be useful for cancer, aswell as the treatment of B-cell lymphoma and leukemia.

Provided is at least one chemical entity chosen from compounds ofFormula 1:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates,        non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof, wherein    -   R is chosen from optionally substituted aryl and optionally        substituted heteroaryl;    -   R₄ is chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl,        optionally substituted lower alkoxy, halo, and hydroxy.    -   R₂₁ and R₂₂ are independently chosen from hydrogen and        optionally substituted lower alkyl;    -   R₁₆ is chosen from hydrogen, cyano, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted lower alkyl;    -   A is chosen from optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl,        optionally substituted pyridazinyl; optionally substituted        pyrimidinyl; and optionally substituted pyrazinyl;    -   L is chosen from optionally substituted C₀-C₄alkylene,        —O-optionally substituted C₀-C₄alkylene, —(C₀-C₄alkylene)(SO)—,        —(C₀-C₄alkylene)(SO₂)—; and —(C₀-C₄alkylene)(C═O)—; and    -   G is chosen from hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, nitro,        optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted amino,        optionally substituted carbamimidoyl, optionally substituted        heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally        substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.

Provided is a pharmaceutical composition, comprising at least onechemical entity described herein, together with at least onepharmaceutically acceptable vehicle chosen from carriers, adjuvants, andexcipients.

Provided is a packaged pharmaceutical composition, comprising

-   -   a pharmaceutical composition described herein; and    -   instructions for using the composition to treat a patient        suffering from a disease responsive to inhibition of Btk        activity.

Provided is a method for treating a patient having a disease responsiveto inhibition of Btk activity, comprising administering to the patientan effective amount of at least one chemical entity described herein.

Provided is a method for treating a patient having a disease chosen fromcancer, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, acute inflammatoryreactions, and allergic disorders comprising administering to thepatient an effective amount of at least one chemical entity describedherein.

Provided is a method for increasing sensitivity of cancer cells tochemotherapy, comprising administering to a patient undergoingchemotherapy with a chemotherapeutic agent an amount of at least onechemical entity described herein sufficient to increase the sensitivityof cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic agent.

Provided is a method of reducing medication error and enhancingtherapeutic compliance of a patient being treated for a diseaseresponsive to inhibition of Btk activity, the method comprisingproviding a packaged pharmaceutical preparation described herein whereinthe instructions additionally include contraindication and adversereaction information pertaining to the packaged pharmaceuticalcomposition.

Provided is a method for inhibiting ATP hydrolysis, the methodcomprising contacting cells expressing Btk with at least one chemicalentity described herein in an amount sufficient to detectably decreasethe level of ATP hydrolysis in vitro.

Provided is a method for determining the presence of Btk in a sample,comprising contacting the sample with at least one chemical entitydescribed herein under conditions that permit detection of Btk activity,detecting a level of Btk activity in the sample, and therefromdetermining the presence or absence of Btk in the sample.

As used in the present specification, the following words and phrasesare generally intended to have the meanings as set forth below, exceptto the extent that the context in which they are used indicatesotherwise. The following abbreviations and terms have the indicatedmeanings throughout:

As used herein, when any variable occurs more than one time in achemical formula, its definition on each occurrence is independent ofits definition at every other occurrence. In accordance with the usualmeaning of “a” and “the” in patents, reference, for example, to “a”kinase or “the” kinase is inclusive of one or more kinases.

A dash (“-”) that is not between two letters or symbols is used toindicate a point of attachment for a substituent. For example, —CONH₂ isattached through the carbon atom.

As used herein, the term “at least one chemical entity” isinterchangeable with the term “a compound.”

By “optional” or “optionally” is meant that the subsequently describedevent or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the descriptionincludes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instancesin which it does not. For example, “optionally substituted alkyl”encompasses both “alkyl” and “substituted alkyl” as defined below. Itwill be understood by those skilled in the art, with respect to anygroup containing one or more substituents, that such groups are notintended to introduce any substitution or substitution patterns that aresterically impractical, synthetically non-feasible and/or inherentlyunstable.

“Alkyl” encompasses straight chain and branched chain having theindicated number of carbon atoms, usually from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, forexample 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as 1 to 6 carbon atoms. For exampleC₁-C₆alkyl encompasses both straight and branched chain alkyl of from 1to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl,isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 3-methylpentyl, and thelike. Alkylene is another subset of alkyl, referring to the sameresidues as alkyl, but having two points of attachment. Alkylene groupswill usually have from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, for example 2 to 8 carbonatoms, such as from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. For example, C₀ alkyleneindicates a covalent bond and C₁ alkylene is a methylene group. When analkyl residue having a specific number of carbons is named, allgeometric isomers having that number of carbons are intended to beencompassed; thus, for example, “butyl” is meant to include n-butyl,sec-butyl, isobutyl and t-butyl; “propyl” includes n-propyl andisopropyl. “Lower alkyl” refers to alkyl groups having one to fourcarbons.

“Cycloalkyl” indicates a saturated hydrocarbon ring group, having thespecified number of carbon atoms, usually from 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms.Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl as well as bridged and caged saturated ringgroups such as norbornane.

By “alkoxy” is meant an alkyl group of the indicated number of carbonatoms attached through an oxygen bridge such as, for example, methoxy,ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy,2-pentyloxy, isopentoxy, neopentoxy, hexoxy, 2-hexoxy, 3-hexoxy,3-methylpentoxy, and the like. Alkoxy groups will usually have from 1 to6 carbon atoms attached through the oxygen bridge. “Lower alkoxy” refersto alkoxy groups having one to four carbons.

“Acyl” refers to the groups (alkyl)-C(O)—; (cycloalkyl)-C(O)—;(aryl)-C(O)—; (heteroaryl)-C(O)—; and (heterocycloalkyl)-C(O)—, whereinthe group is attached to the parent structure through the carbonylfunctionality and wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, andheterocycloalkyl are as described herein. Acyl groups have the indicatednumber of carbon atoms, with the carbon of the keto group being includedin the numbered carbon atoms. For example a C₂ acyl group is an acetylgroup having the formula CH₃(C═O)—.

By “alkoxycarbonyl” is meant an ester group of the formula(alkoxy)(C═O)— attached through the carbonyl carbon wherein the alkoxygroup has the indicated number of carbon atoms. Thus aC₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl group is an alkoxy group having from 1 to 6 carbonatoms attached through its oxygen to a carbonyl linker.

By “amino” is meant the group —NH₂.

The term “aminocarbonyl” refers to the group —CONR^(b)R^(c), where

R^(b) is chosen from H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

R^(c) is chosen from hydrogen and optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; or

R^(b) and R^(c) taken together with the nitrogen to which they arebound, form an optionally substituted 5- to 7-memberednitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl which optionally includes 1 or 2additional heteroatoms selected from O, N, and S in the heterocycloalkylring;

where each substituted group is independently substituted with one ormore substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, aryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, C₁-C₄haloalkyl-, —OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-OH, —OC₁-C₄haloalkyl, halo, —OH, —NH₂, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-NH₂, —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), —NH(C₁-C₄alkylphenyl), cyano, nitro, oxo (as a substitutent for cycloalkyl orheterocycloalkyl), —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CON(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CONH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CONH₂, —NHC(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl),—NHC(O)(phenyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄alkyl)C(O)(phenyl), —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ phenyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄haloalkyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂(phenyl),—SO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂NH(phenyl),—NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHSO₂(phenyl), and —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl).

“Aryl” encompasses:

-   -   5- and 6-membered carbocyclic aromatic rings, for example,        benzene;    -   bicyclic ring systems wherein at least one ring is carbocyclic        and aromatic, for example, naphthalene, indane, and tetralin;        and    -   tricyclic ring systems wherein at least one ring is carbocyclic        and aromatic, for example, fluorene.        For example, aryl includes 5- and 6-membered carbocyclic        aromatic rings fused to a 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring        containing 1 or more heteroatoms chosen from N, O, and S. For        such fused, bicyclic ring systems wherein only one of the rings        is a carbocyclic aromatic ring, the point of attachment may be        at the carbocyclic aromatic ring or the heterocycloalkyl ring.        Bivalent radicals formed from substituted benzene derivatives        and having the free valences at ring atoms are named as        substituted phenylene radicals. Bivalent radicals derived from        univalent polycyclic hydrocarbon radicals whose names end in        “-yl” by removal of one hydrogen atom from the carbon atom with        the free valence are named by adding “-idene” to the name of the        corresponding univalent radical, e.g., a naphthyl group with two        points of attachment is termed naphthylidene. Aryl, however,        does not encompass or overlap in any way with heteroaryl,        separately defined below. Hence, if one or more carbocyclic        aromatic rings is fused with a heterocycloalkyl aromatic ring,        the resulting ring system is heteroaryl, not aryl, as defined        herein.

The term “aryloxy” refers to the group —O-aryl.

The term “halo” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo, and the term“halogen” includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

“Haloalkyl” indicates alkyl as defined above having the specified numberof carbon atoms, substituted with 1 or more halogen atoms, up to themaximum allowable number of halogen atoms. Examples of haloalkylinclude, but are not limited to, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl,2-fluoroethyl, and penta-fluoroethyl.

“Heteroaryl” encompasses:

-   -   5- to 7-membered aromatic, monocyclic rings containing one or        more, for example, from 1 to 4, or in certain embodiments, from        1 to 3, heteroatoms chosen from N, O, and S, with the remaining        ring atoms being carbon; and    -   bicyclic heterocycloalkyl rings containing one or more, for        example, from 1 to 4, or in certain embodiments, from 1 to 3,        heteroatoms chosen from N, O, and S, with the remaining ring        atoms being carbon and wherein at least one heteroatom is        present in an aromatic ring.        For example, heteroaryl includes a 5- to 7-membered        heterocycloalkyl, aromatic ring fused to a 5- to 7-membered        cycloalkyl ring. For such fused, bicyclic heteroaryl ring        systems wherein only one of the rings contains one or more        heteroatoms, the point of attachment may be at the        heteroaromatic ring or the cycloalkyl ring. When the total        number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl group exceeds 1, those        heteroatoms are not adjacent to one another. In certain        embodiments, the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl        group is not more than 2. In certain embodiments, the total        number of S and O atoms in the aromatic heterocycle is not more        than 1. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not        limited to, (as numbered from the linkage position assigned        priority 1), 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2,3-pyrazinyl,        3,4-pyrazinyl, 2,4-pyrimidinyl, 3,5-pyrimidinyl,        2,3-pyrazolinyl, 2,4-imidazolinyl, isoxazolinyl, oxazolinyl,        thiazolinyl, thiadiazolinyl, tetrazolyl, thienyl,        benzothiophenyl, furanyl, benzofuranyl, benzoimidazolinyl,        indolinyl, pyridizinyl, triazolyl, quinolinyl, pyrazolyl, and        5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline. Bivalent radicals derived from        univalent heteroaryl radicals whose names end in “-yl” by        removal of one hydrogen atom from the atom with the free valence        are named by adding “-idene” to the name of the corresponding        univalent radical, e.g., a pyridyl group with two points of        attachment is a pyridylidene. Heteroaryl does not encompass or        overlap with aryl as defined above.

Substituted heteroaryl also includes ring systems substituted with oneor more oxide (—O⁻) substituents, such as pyridinyl N-oxides.

In the term “heteroarylalkyl,” heteroaryl and alkyl are as definedherein, and the point of attachment is on the alkyl group. This termencompasses, but is not limited to, pyridylmethyl, thiophenylmethyl, and(pyrrolyl) 1-ethyl.

By “heterocycloalkyl” is meant a single aliphatic ring, usually with 3to 7 ring atoms, containing at least 2 carbon atoms in addition to 1-3heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, aswell as combinations comprising at least one of the foregoingheteroatoms. Suitable heterocycloalkyl groups include, for example (asnumbered from the linkage position assigned priority 1), 2-pyrrolinyl,2,4-imidazolidinyl, 2,3-pyrazolidinyl, 2-piperidyl, 3-piperidyl,4-piperdyl, and 2,5-piperzinyl. Morpholinyl groups are alsocontemplated, including 2-morpholinyl and 3-morpholinyl (numberedwherein the oxygen is assigned priority 1). Substituted heterocycloalkylalso includes ring systems substituted with one or more oxo moieties,such as piperidinyl N-oxide, morpholinyl-N-oxide,1-oxo-1-thiomorpholinyl and 1,1-dioxo-1-thiomorpholinyl and ring systemscomprising one or more —SO— or —SO₂— groups.

“Carbamimidoyl” refers to the group —C(═NH)—NH₂.

“Substituted carbamimidoyl” refers to the group —C(═NR^(e))—NR^(f)R^(g)where R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) is independently chosen from: hydrogenoptionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, andoptionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least one ofR^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) is not hydrogen and wherein substituted alkyl,cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl refer respectively toalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl wherein one ormore (such as up to 5, for example, up to 3) hydrogen atoms are replacedby a substituent independently chosen from:

—R^(a), —OR^(b), —O(C₁-C₂ alkyl)O— (e.g., methylenedioxy-), —SR^(b),guanidine, guanidine wherein one or more of the guanidine hydrogens arereplaced with a lower-alkyl group, —NR^(b)R^(c), halo, cyano, nitro,—COR^(b), —CO₂R^(b), —CONR^(b)R^(c), —OCOR^(b), —OCO₂R^(a),—OCONR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)COR^(b), NR^(c)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(c)CONR^(b)R^(c),—CO₂R^(b), —CONR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)COR^(b), —SOR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),—SO₂NR^(b)R^(c), and —NR^(c)SO₂R^(a),

where R^(a) is chosen from optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionallysubstituted heteroaryl;

R^(b) is chosen from H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

R^(c) is independently chosen from hydrogen and optionally substitutedC₁-C₄ alkyl; or

R^(b) and R^(c), and the nitrogen to which they are attached, form anoptionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group; and

where each optionally substituted group is unsubstituted orindependently substituted with one or more, such as one, two, or three,substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,aryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl-, —OC₁-C₄alkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-OH, —OC₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halo,—OH, —NH₂, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-NH₂, —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NH(C₁-C₄alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl),cyano, nitro, oxo (as a substitutent for cycloalkyl orheterocycloalkyl), —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CON(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CONH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CONH₂, —NHC(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl),—NHC(O)(phenyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄alkyl)C(O)(phenyl), —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ phenyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄haloalkyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂(phenyl),—SO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂NH(phenyl),—NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHSO₂(phenyl), and —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl).

As used herein, “modulation” refers to a change in kinase activity as adirect or indirect response to the presence of compounds of Formula 1,relative to the activity of the kinase in the absence of the compound.The change may be an increase in activity or a decrease in activity, andmay be due to the direct interaction of the compound with the kinase, ordue to the interaction of the compound with one or more other factorsthat in turn affect kinase activity. For example, the presence of thecompound may, for example, increase or decrease kinase activity bydirectly binding to the kinase, by causing (directly or indirectly)another factor to increase or decrease the kinase activity, or by(directly or indirectly) increasing or decreasing the amount of kinasepresent in the cell or organism.

The term “sulfanyl” includes the groups: —S-(optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkyl), —S-(optionally substituted aryl), —S-(optionallysubstituted heteroaryl), and —S-(optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl). Hence, sulfanyl includes the group C₁-C₆alkylsulfanyl.

The term “sulfinyl” includes the groups: —S(O)—H, —S(O)-(optionallysubstituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl), —S(O)-optionally substituted aryl),—S(O)-optionally substituted heteroaryl), —S(O)-(optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl); and —S(O)—(optionally substituted amino).

The term “sulfonyl” includes the groups: —S(O₂)—H, —S(O₂)-(optionallysubstituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl), —S(O₂)-optionally substituted aryl),—S(O₂)-optionally substituted heteroaryl), —S(O₂)-(optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkyl), —S(O₂)-(optionally substituted alkoxy),—S(O₂)-optionally substituted aryloxy), —S(O₂)-optionally substitutedheteroaryloxy), —S(O₂)-(optionally substituted heterocyclyloxy); and—S(O₂)-(optionally substituted amino).

The term “substituted”, as used herein, means that any one or morehydrogens on the designated atom or group is replaced with a selectionfrom the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normalvalence is not exceeded. When a substituent is oxo (i.e., ═O) then 2hydrogens on the atom are replaced. Combinations of substituents and/orvariables are permissible only if such combinations result in stablecompounds or useful synthetic intermediates. A stable compound or stablestructure is meant to imply a compound that is sufficiently robust tosurvive isolation from a reaction mixture, and subsequent formulation asan agent having at least practical utility. Unless otherwise specified,substituents are named into the core structure. For example, it is to beunderstood that when (cycloalkyl)alkyl is listed as a possiblesubstituent, the point of attachment of this substituent to the corestructure is in the alkyl portion.

The terms “substituted” alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, andheteroaryl, unless otherwise expressly defined, refer respectively toalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl wherein one ormore (such as up to 5, for example, up to 3) hydrogen atoms are replacedby a substituent independently chosen from:

—R^(a), —OR^(b), —O(C₁-C₂ alkyl)O— e.g., methylenedioxy-), —SR^(b),guanidine, guanidine wherein one or more of the guanidine hydrogens arereplaced with a lower-alkyl group, —NR^(b)R^(c), halo, cyano, nitro,oxo, —COR^(b), —CO₂R^(b), —CONR^(b)R^(c), —OCOR^(b), —OCO₂R^(a),—OCONR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)COR^(b), —NR^(c)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(c)CONR^(b)R^(c),—CO₂R^(b), —CONR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)COR^(b), —SOR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),—SO₂NR^(b)R^(c), and —NR^(c)SO₂R^(a),

where R^(a) is chosen from optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionallysubstituted heteroaryl;

R^(b) is chosen from H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

R^(c) is chosen from hydrogen and optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; or

R^(b) and R^(c), and the nitrogen to which they are attached, form anoptionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group; and

where each optionally substituted group is unsubstituted orindependently substituted with one or more, such as one, two, or three,substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,aryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl-, —OC₁-C₄alkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-OH, —OC₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halo,—OH, —NH₂, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-NH₂, —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NH(C₁-C₄alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl),cyano, nitro, oxo (as a substitutent for cycloalkyl orheterocycloalkyl), —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CON(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CONH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CONH₂, —NHC(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl),—NHC(O)(phenyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄alkyl)C(O)(phenyl), —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ phenyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄haloalkyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂(phenyl),—SO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂NH(phenyl),—NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHSO₂(phenyl), and —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl).

The term “substituted acyl” refers to the groups (substitutedalkyl)-C(O)—; (substituted cycloalkyl)-C(O)—; (substituted aryl)-C(O)—;(substituted heteroaryl)-C(O)—; and (substitutedheterocycloalkyl)-C(O)—, wherein the group is attached to the parentstructure through the carbonyl functionality and wherein substitutedalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocycloalkyl, referrespectively to alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, andheterocycloalkyl wherein one or more (such as up to 5, for example, upto 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a substituent independently chosenfrom:

—R^(a), —OR^(b), —O(C₁-C₂ alkyl)O— (e.g., methylenedioxy-), —SR^(b),guanidine, guanidine wherein one or more of the guanidine hydrogens arereplaced with a lower-alkyl group, —NR^(b)R^(c), halo, cyano, nitro,—COR^(b), —CO₂R^(b), —CONR^(b)R^(c), —OCOR^(b), —OCO₂R^(a),—OCONR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)COR^(b), NR^(c)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(c)CONR^(b)R^(c),—CO₂R^(b), —CONR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)COR^(b), —SOR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),—SO₂NR^(b)R^(c), and —NR^(c)SO₂R^(a),

where R^(a) is chosen from optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionallysubstituted heteroaryl;

R^(b) is chosen from H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

R^(c) is chosen from hydrogen and optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; or

R^(b) and R^(c), and the nitrogen to which they are attached, form anoptionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group; and

where each optionally substituted group is unsubstituted orindependently substituted with one or more, such as one, two, or three,substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,aryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl-, —OC₁-C₄alkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-OH, —OC₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halo,—OH, —NH₂, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-NH₂, —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NH(C₁-C₄alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl),cyano, nitro, oxo (as a substitutent for cycloalkyl orheterocycloalkyl), —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CON(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CONH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CONH₂, —NHC(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl),—NHC(O)(phenyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄alkyl)C(O)(phenyl), —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ phenyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄haloalkyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂(phenyl),—SO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂NH(phenyl),—NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHSO₂(phenyl), and —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl).

The term “substituted alkoxy” refers to alkoxy wherein the alkylconstituent is substituted (i.e., —O-(substituted alkyl)) wherein“substituted alkyl” refers to alkyl wherein one or more (such as up to5, for example, up to 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a substituentindependently chosen from:

—R^(a), —OR^(b), —O(C₁-C₂ alkyl)O— (e.g., methylenedioxy-), —SR^(b),guanidine, guanidine wherein one or more of the guanidine hydrogens arereplaced with a lower-alkyl group, —NR^(b)R^(c), halo, cyano, nitro,—COR^(b), —CO₂R^(b), —CONR^(b)R^(c), —OCOR^(b), —OCO₂R^(a),—OCONR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)COR^(b), NR^(c)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(c)CONR^(b)R^(c),—CO₂R^(b), —CONR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)COR^(b), —SOR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),—SO₂NR^(b)R^(c), and —NR^(c)SO₂R^(a),

where R^(a) is chosen from optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionallysubstituted heteroaryl;

R^(b) is chosen from H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

R^(c) is chosen from hydrogen and optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; or

R^(b) and R^(c), and the nitrogen to which they are attached, form anoptionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group; and

where each optionally substituted group is unsubstituted orindependently substituted with one or more, such as one, two, or three,substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,aryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl-, —OC₁-C₄alkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-OH, —OC₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halo,—OH, —NH₂, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-NH₂, —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NH(C₁-C₄alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl),cyano, nitro, oxo (as a substitutent for cycloalkyl orheterocycloalkyl), —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CON(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CONH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CONH₂, —NHC(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl),—NHC(O)(phenyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄alkyl)C(O)(phenyl), —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ phenyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄haloalkyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂(phenyl),—SO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂NH(phenyl),—NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHSO₂(phenyl), and —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl). Insome embodiments, a substituted alkoxy group is “polyalkoxy” or—O-(optionally substituted alkylene)-(optionally substituted alkoxy),and includes groups such as —OCH₂CH₂OCH₃, and residues of glycol etherssuch as polyethyleneglycol, and —O(CH₂CH₂O)_(x)CH₃, where x is aninteger of 2-20, such as 2-10, and for example, 2-5. Another substitutedalkoxy group is hydroxyalkoxy or —OCH₂(CH₂)_(y)OH, where y is an integerof 1-10, such as 1-4.

The term “substituted alkoxycarbonyl” refers to the group (substitutedalkyl)-O—C(O)— wherein the group is attached to the parent structurethrough the carbonyl functionality and wherein substituted refers toalkyl wherein one or more (such as up to 5, for example, up to 3)hydrogen atoms are replaced by a substituent independently chosen from:

—R^(a), —OR^(b), —O(C₁-C₂ alkyl)O— (e.g., methylenedioxy-), —SR^(b),guanidine, guanidine wherein one or more of the guanidine hydrogens arereplaced with a lower-alkyl group, —NR^(b)R^(c), halo, cyano, nitro,—COR^(b), —CO₂R^(b), —CONR^(b)R^(c), —OCOR^(b), —OCO₂R^(a),—OCONR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)COR^(b), NR^(c)CO₂R^(a), —NR_(c)CONR^(b)R^(c),—CO₂R^(b), —CONR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)COR^(b), —SOR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),—SO₂NR^(b)R^(c), and —NR^(c)SO₂R^(a),

where R^(a) is chosen from optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionallysubstituted heteroaryl;

R^(b) is chosen from H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

R^(c) is chosen from hydrogen and optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; or

R^(b) and R^(c), and the nitrogen to which they are attached, form anoptionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group; and

where each optionally substituted group is unsubstituted orindependently substituted with one or more, such as one, two, or three,substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,aryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl-, —OC₁-C₄alkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-OH, —OC₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halo,—OH, —NH₂, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-NH₂, —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NH(C₁-C₄alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl),cyano, nitro, oxo (as a substitutent for cycloalkyl orheterocycloalkyl), —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CON(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CONH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CONH₂, —NHC(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl),—NHC(O)(phenyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄alkyl)C(O)(phenyl), —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ phenyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄haloalkyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂(phenyl),—SO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂NH(phenyl),—NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHSO₂(phenyl), and —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl).

The term “substituted amino” refers to the group —NHR^(d) or—NR^(d)R^(d) where each R^(d) is independently chosen from: hydroxy,optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,optionally substituted acyl, aminocarbonyl, optionally substituted aryl,optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfinyl and sulfonyl, provided thatonly one R^(d) may be hydroxyl, and wherein substituted alkyl,cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl refer respectively toalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl wherein one ormore (such as up to 5, for example, up to 3) hydrogen atoms are replacedby a substituent independently chosen from:

—R^(a), —OR^(b), —O(C₁-C₂ alkyl)O— (e.g., methylenedioxy-), —SR^(b),guanidine, guanidine wherein one or more of the guanidine hydrogens arereplaced with a lower-alkyl group, —NR^(b)R^(c), halo, cyano, nitro,—COR^(b), —CO₂R^(b), —CONR^(b)R^(c), —OCOR^(b), —OCO₂R^(a),—OCONR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)COR^(b), NR^(c)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(c)CONR^(b)R^(c),—CO₂R^(b), —CONR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(c)COR^(b), —SOR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),—SO₂NR^(b)R^(c), and —NR^(c)SO₂R^(a),

where R^(a) is chosen from optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionallysubstituted heteroaryl;

R^(b) is chosen from H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

R^(c) is chosen from hydrogen and optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; or

R^(b) and R^(c), and the nitrogen to which they are attached, form anoptionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group; and

where each optionally substituted group is unsubstituted orindependently substituted with one or more, such as one, two, or three,substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,aryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl-, —OC₁-C₄alkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-OH, —OC₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halo,—OH, —NH₂, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-NH₂, —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NH(C₁-C₄alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl),cyano, nitro, oxo (as a substitutent for cycloalkyl orheterocycloalkyl), —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CON(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CONH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CONH₂, —NHC(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl),—NHC(O)(phenyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄alkyl)C(O)(phenyl), —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ phenyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄haloalkyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂(phenyl),—SO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂NH(phenyl),—NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHSO₂(phenyl), and —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl); and

wherein optionally substituted acyl, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl,sulfinyl and sulfonyl are as defined herein.

The term “substituted amino” also refers to N-oxides of the groups—NHR^(d), and NR^(d)R^(d) each as described above. N-oxides can beprepared by treatment of the corresponding amino group with, forexample, hydrogen peroxide or m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The personskilled in the art is familiar with reaction conditions for carrying outthe N-oxidation.

Compounds of Formula 1 include, but are not limited to, optical isomersof compounds of Formula 1, racemates, and other mixtures thereof. Inthose situations, the single enantiomers or diastereomers, i.e.,optically active forms, can be obtained by asymmetric synthesis or byresolution of the racemates. Resolution of the racemates can beaccomplished, for example, by conventional methods such ascrystallization in the presence of a resolving agent, or chromatography,using, for example a chiral high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)column. In addition, compounds of Formula 1 include Z- and E-forms (orcis- and trans-forms) of compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds.Where compounds of Formula 1 exists in various tautomeric forms,chemical entities of the present invention include all tautomeric formsof the compound. Compounds of Formula 1 also include crystal formsincluding polymorphs and clathrates.

Chemical entities of the present invention include, but are not limitedto compounds of Formula 1 and all pharmaceutically acceptable formsthereof. Pharmaceutically acceptable forms of the compounds recitedherein include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates,non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof. In certainembodiments, the compounds described herein are in the form ofpharmaceutically acceptable salts. Hence, the terms “chemical entity”and “chemical entities” also encompass pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, solvates, chelates, non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, andmixtures.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” include, but are not limited tosalts with inorganic acids, such as hydrochlorate, phosphate,diphosphate, hydrobromate, sulfate, sulfinate, nitrate, and like salts;as well as salts with an organic acid, such as malate, maleate,fumarate, tartrate, succinate, citrate, acetate, lactate,methanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, 2-hydroxyethylsulfonate, benzoate,salicylate, stearate, and alkanoate such as acetate, HOOC—(CH₂)_(n)—COOHwhere n is 0-4, and like salts. Similarly, pharmaceutically acceptablecations include, but are not limited to sodium, potassium, calcium,aluminum, lithium, and ammonium.

In addition, if the compound of Formula 1 is obtained as an acidaddition salt, the free base can be obtained by basifying a solution ofthe acid salt. Conversely, if the product is a free base, an additionsalt, particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable addition salt, may beproduced by dissolving the free base in a suitable organic solvent andtreating the solution with an acid, in accordance with conventionalprocedures for preparing acid addition salts from base compounds. Thoseskilled in the art will recognize various synthetic methodologies thatmay be used to prepare non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable additionsalts.

As noted above, prodrugs also fall within the scope of chemicalentities, for example ester or amide derivatives of the compounds ofFormula 1. The term “prodrugs” includes any compounds that becomecompounds of Formula 1 when administered to a patient, e.g., uponmetabolic processing of the prodrug. Examples of prodrugs include, butare not limited to, acetate, formate, and benzoate and like derivativesof functional groups (such as alcohol or amine groups) in the compoundsof Formula 1.

The term “solvate” refers to the chemical entity formed by theinteraction of a solvent and a compound. Suitable solvates arepharmaceutically acceptable solvates, such as hydrates, includingmonohydrates and hemi-hydrates.

The term “chelate” refers to the chemical entity formed by thecoordination of a compound to a metal ion at two (or more) points.

The term “non-covalent complex” refers to the chemical entity formed bythe interaction of a compound and another molecule wherein a covalentbond is not formed between the compound and the molecule. For example,complexation can occur through van der Waals interactions, hydrogenbonding, and electrostatic interactions (also called ionic bonding).

The term “hydrogen bond” refers to a form of association between anelectronegative atom (also known as a hydrogen bond acceptor) and ahydrogen atom attached to a second, relatively electronegative atom(also known as a hydrogen bond donor). Suitable hydrogen bond donor andacceptors are well understood in medicinal chemistry (G. C. Pimentel andA. L. McClellan, The Hydrogen Bond, Freeman, San Francisco, 1960; R.Taylor and O. Kennard, “Hydrogen Bond Geometry in Organic Crystals”,Accounts of Chemical Research, 17, pp. 320-326 (1984)).

As used herein the terms “group”, “radical” or “fragment” are synonymousand are intended to indicate functional groups or fragments of moleculesattachable to a bond or other fragments of molecules.

The term “active agent” is used to indicate a chemical entity which hasbiological activity. In certain embodiments, an “active agent” is acompound having pharmaceutical utility. For example an active agent maybe an anti-cancer therapeutic.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” of a chemical entity of thisinvention means an amount effective, when administered to a human ornon-human patient, to provide a therapeutic benefit such as ameliorationof symptoms, slowing of disease progression, or prevention of diseasee.g., a therapeutically effective amount may be an amount sufficient todecrease the symptoms of a disease responsive to inhibition of Btkactivity. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount is anamount sufficient to reduce cancer symptoms, the symptoms of an allergicdisorder, the symptoms of an autoimmune and/or inflammatory disease, orthe symptoms of an acute inflammatory reaction. In some embodiments atherapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient to decrease thenumber of detectable cancerous cells in an organism, detectably slow, orstop the growth of a cancerous tumor. In some embodiments, atherapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient to shrink acancerous tumor. In certain circumstances a patient suffering fromcancer may not present symptoms of being affected. In some embodiments,a therapeutically effective amount of a chemical entity is an amountsufficient to prevent a significant increase or significantly reduce thedetectable level of cancerous cells or cancer markers in the patient'sblood, serum, or tissues. In methods described herein for treatingallergic disorders and/or autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases and/oracute inflammatory reactions, a therapeutically effective amount mayalso be an amount sufficient, when administered to a patient, todetectably slow progression of the disease, or prevent the patient towhom the chemical entity is given from presenting symptoms of theallergic disorders and/or autoimmune and/or inflammatory disease, and/oracute inflammatory response. In certain methods described herein fortreating allergic disorders and/or autoimmune and/or inflammatorydiseases and/or acute inflammatory reactions, a therapeuticallyeffective amount may also be an amount sufficient to produce adetectable decrease in the amount of a marker protein or cell type inthe patient's blood or serum. For example, in some embodiments atherapeutically effective amount is an amount of a chemical entitydescribed herein sufficient to significantly decrease the activity ofB-cells. In another example, in some embodiments a therapeuticallyeffective amount is an amount of a chemical entity described hereinsufficient to significantly decrease the number of B-cells. In anotherexample, in some embodiments a therapeutically effective amount is anamount of a chemical entity described herein sufficient to decrease thelevel of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody in a patient's blood withthe disease myasthenia gravis.

The term “inhibition” indicates a significant decrease in the baselineactivity of a biological activity or process. “Inhibition of Btkactivity” refers to a decrease in Btk activity as a direct or indirectresponse to the presence of at least one chemical entity describedherein, relative to the activity of Btk in the absence of the at leastone chemical entity. The decrease in activity may be due to the directinteraction of the compound with Btk, or due to the interaction of thechemical entity(ies) described herein with one or more other factorsthat in turn affect Btk activity. For example, the presence of thechemical entity(ies) may decrease Btk activity by directly binding tothe Btk, by causing (directly or indirectly) another factor to decreaseBtk activity, or by (directly or indirectly) decreasing the amount ofBtk present in the cell or organism.

Inhibition of Btk activity also refers to observable inhibition of Btkactivity in a standard biochemical assay for Btk activity, such as theATP hydrolysis assay described below. In some embodiments, the chemicalentity described herein has an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to 1micromolar. In some embodiments, the chemical entity has an IC₅₀ valueless than or equal to less than 100 nanomolar. In some embodiments, thechemical entity has an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to 10 nanomolar.

“Inhibition of B-cell activity” refers to a decrease in B-cell activityas a direct or indirect response to the presence of at least onechemical entity described herein, relative to the activity of B-cells inthe absence of the at least one chemical entity. The decrease inactivity may be due to the direct interaction of the compound with Btkor with one or more other factors that in turn affect B-cell activity.

Inhibition of B-cell activity also refers to observable inhibition ofCD86 expression in a standard assay such as the assay described below.In some embodiments, the chemical entity described herein has an IC₅₀value less than or equal to 10 micromolar. In some embodiments, thechemical entity has an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to less than 1micromolar. In some embodiments, the chemical entity has an IC₅₀ valueless than or equal to 500 nanomolar.

“B cell activity” also includes activation, redistribution,reorganization, or capping of one or more various B cell membranereceptors, or membrane-bound immunoglobulins, e.g, IgM, IgG, and IgD.Most B cells also have membrane receptors for Fc portion of IgG in theform of either antigen-antibody complexes or aggregated IgG. B cellsalso carry membrane receptors for the activated components ofcomplement, e.g., C3b, C3d, C4, and Clq. These various membranereceptors and membrane-bound immunoglobulins have membrane mobility andcan undergo redistribution and capping that can initiate signaltransduction.

B cell activity also includes the synthesis or production of antibodiesor immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins are synthesized by the B cell seriesand have common structural features and structural units. Fiveimmunoglobulin classes, i.e., IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE, arerecognized on the basis of structural differences of their heavy chainsincluding the amino acid sequence and length of the polypeptide chain.Antibodies to a given antigen may be detected in all or several classesof immunoglobulins or may be restricted to a single class or subclass ofimmunoglobulin. Autoantibodies or autoimmune antibodies may likewisebelong to one or several classes of immunoglobulins. For example,rheumatoid factors (antibodies to IgG) are most often recognized as anIgM immunoglobulin, but can also consist of IgG or IgA.

In addition, B cell activity also is intended to include a series ofevents leading to B cell clonal expansion (proliferation) from precursorB lymphocytes and differentiation into antibody-synthesizing plasmacells which takes place in conjunction with antigen-binding and withcytokine signals from other cells.

“Inhibition of B-cell proliferation” refers to inhibition ofproliferation of abnormal B-cells, such as cancerous B-cells, e.g.lymphoma B-cells and/or inhibition of normal, non-diseased B-cells. Theterm “inhibition of B-cell proliferation” indicates any significantdecrease in the number of B-cells, either in vitro or in vivo. Thus aninhibition of B-cell proliferation in vitro would be any significantdecrease in the number of B-cells in an in vitro sample contacted withat least one chemical entity described herein as compared to a matchedsample not contacted with the chemical entity(ies).

Inhibition of B-cell proliferation also refers to observable inhibitionof B-cell proliferation in a standard thymidine incorporation assay forB-cell proliferation, such as the assay described herein. In someembodiments, the chemical entity has an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to10 micromolar. In some embodiments, the chemical entity has an IC₅₀value less than or equal to less than 1 micromolar. In some embodiments,the chemical entity has an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to 500nanomolar.

An “allergy” or “allergic disorder” refers to acquired hypersensitivityto a substance (allergen). Allergic conditions include eczema, allergicrhinitis or coryza, hay fever, bronchial asthma, urticaria (hives) andfood allergies, and other atopic conditions.

“Asthma” refers to a disorder of the respiratory system characterized byinflammation, narrowing of the airways and increased reactivity of theairways to inhaled agents. Asthma is frequently, although notexclusively associated with atopic or allergic symptoms.

By “significant” is meant any detectable change that is statisticallysignificant in a standard parametric test of statistical significancesuch as Student's T-test, where p<0.05.

A “disease responsive to inhibition of Btk activity” is a disease inwhich inhibiting Btk kinase provides a therapeutic benefit such as anamelioration of symptoms, decrease in disease progression, prevention ordelay of disease onset, or inhibition of aberrant activity of certaincell-types (monocytes, B-cells, and mast cells).

“Treatment or treating means any treatment of a disease in a patient,including:

-   -   a) preventing the disease, that is, causing the clinical        symptoms of the disease not to develop;    -   b) inhibiting the disease;    -   c) slowing or arresting the development of clinical symptoms;        and/or    -   d) relieving the disease, that is, causing the regression of        clinical symptoms.

“Patient” refers to an animal, such as a mammal, that has been or willbe the object of treatment, observation or experiment. The methods ofthe invention can be useful in both human therapy and veterinaryapplications. In some embodiments, the patient is a mammal; in someembodiments the patient is human; and in some embodiments the patient ischosen from cats and dogs.

Provided is at least one chemical entity chosen from compounds ofFormula 1:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates,        non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof, wherein    -   R is chosen from optionally substituted aryl and optionally        substituted heteroaryl;    -   R₄ is chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl,        optionally substituted lower alkoxy, halo, and hydroxy.    -   R₂₁ and R₂₂ are independently chosen from hydrogen and        optionally substituted lower alkyl;    -   R₁₆ is chosen from hydrogen, cyano, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted lower alkyl;    -   A is chosen from optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl,        optionally substituted pyridazinyl; optionally substituted        pyrimidinyl; and optionally substituted pyrazinyl;    -   L is chosen from optionally substituted C₀-C₄alkylene,        —O-optionally substituted C₀-C₄alkylene, —(C₀-C₄alkylene)(SO)—,        —(C₀-C₄alkylene)(SO₂)—; and —(C₀-C₄alkylene)(C═O)—; and    -   G is chosen from hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, nitro,        optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted amino,        optionally substituted carbamimidoyl, optionally substituted        heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally        substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, R is chosen from4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl and substituted4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl chosen from mono-, di-, andtri-substituted 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl wherein thesubstituents are independently chosen from hydroxy, lower alkyl,sulfonyl, halo, lower alkoxy, and heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, R is chosen from4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl and substituted4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl chosen from mono-, di-, andtri-substituted 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl wherein thesubstituents is lower alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R is chosen from4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl.

In certain embodiments, R is chosen from5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophen-2-yl and substituted5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophen-2-yl chosen from mono-, di-,and tri-substituted 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophen-2-ylwherein the substituents are independently chosen from lower alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R is chosen from5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophen-2-yl.

In certain embodiments, R is chosen from6,7-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-c]pyran-2-yl and benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl.

In certain embodiments, R is substituted phenyl chosen from mono-, di-,and tri-substituted phenyl wherein the substituents are independentlychosen from hydroxy, lower alkyl, sulfanyl, sulfonyl, nitro, optionallysubstituted amino, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl substituted with one ormore halo, lower alkoxy substituted with one or more halo, lower alkylsubstituted with hydroxy, lower alkyl substituted with lower alkoxy, andheteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, R is phenyl substituted with heterocycloalkyl(e.g., piperidin-1-yl).

In certain embodiments, R is substituted phenyl chosen from mono-, di-,and tri-substituted phenyl wherein the substituents are independentlychosen from hydroxy, lower alkyl, sulfonyl, halo, lower alkoxy, andheteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, R is 4-lower alkyl-phenyl. In certainembodiments, R is 4-tert-butyl-phenyl.

In certain embodiments, R is substituted pyridinyl chosen from mono-,di-, and tri-substituted pyridinyl wherein the substituents areindependently chosen from hydroxy, lower alkyl, sulfanyl, sulfonyl,optionally substituted amino, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl substituted withone or more halo, lower alkoxy substituted with one or more halo, loweralkyl substituted with hydroxy, lower alkyl substituted with loweralkoxy, and heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, R is 6-lower alkyl-pyridinyl. In certainembodiments, R is 6-tert-butyl-pyridinyl.

In certain embodiments, L is chosen from optionally substitutedC₀-C₄alkylene, —O-optionally substituted C₀-C₄alkylene,—(C₀-C₄alkylene)(SO₂)—; and —(C₀-C₄alkylene)(C═O)—.

In certain embodiments, L is chosen from optionally substitutedC₀-C₄alkylene and —(C₀-C₄alkylene)(C═O)—.

In certain embodiments, L is a covalent bond. In certain embodiments, Lis —(C═O)—.

In certain embodiments, G is chosen from hydrogen, optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted alkyl. In certainembodiments, G is chosen from hydrogen, optionally substitutedcycloalkyl, and optionally substituted lower alkyl. In certainembodiments, G is chosen from hydrogen, cycloalkyl, and lower alkyl. Incertain embodiments, G is chosen from hydrogen, cyclopropyl, methyl, andtert-butyl.

In certain embodiments, G is chosen from

-   -   —NR₇R₈ wherein R₇ and R₈ are independently chosen from hydrogen,        optionally substituted cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted        (C₁-C₆)alkyl; or wherein R₇ and R₈, together with the nitrogen        to which they are bound, form an optionally substituted 5- to        7-membered nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl which optionally        further includes one or two additional heteroatoms chosen from        N, O, and S; and    -   lower alkoxy and lower alkoxy substituted with one or more        hydroxyl.

In certain embodiments, G is chosen from

-   -   —NR₇R₈ wherein R₇ and R₈ are independently chosen from hydrogen,        optionally substituted cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted        (C₁-C₆)alkyl;    -   optionally substituted piperazin-1-yl;    -   optionally substituted piperidin-1-yl;    -   optionally substituted pyrrolidinyl; and    -   lower alkoxy substituted with one or more hydroxyl.

In certain embodiments, G is chosen from

-   -   —NH-cyclopropyl;    -   —NR₇R₈ wherein R₇ and R₈ are independently chosen from hydrogen        and (C₁-C₆)alkyl optionally substituted with one or more        substituents chosen from OH, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, amino, NH(C₁-C₄        alkyl) and N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂; and    -   —OCH₂CH₂OH.

In certain embodiments, G is chosen from

-   -   morpholin-4-yl;    -   4-lower alkyl-piperazin-1-yl;    -   4-hydroxy-piperidin-1-yl;    -   4-lower alkyl-piperazin-1-yl wherein said alkyl is substituted        with one or more substituents chosen from CN, OH, and SO₂-lower        alkyl;    -   4-lower alkyl-piperidin-1-yl wherein said alkyl is substituted        with OH;    -   4-hydroxy-4-lower alkyl-piperidin-1-yl;    -   3-carboxamido-piperidin-1-yl;    -   4-morpholino-piperidin-1-yl,    -   pyrrolidin-1-yl;    -   3-hydroxy-3-lower alkyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl; and    -   pyrrolidin-2-yl.

In certain embodiments, G is chosen from

-   -   morpholin-4-yl,    -   4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl,    -   4-ethyl-piperazin-1-yl,    -   4-isopropyl-piperazin-1-yl,    -   4-hydroxy-piperidin-1-yl,    -   4-HOCH₂CH₂-piperazin-1-yl,    -   4-NCCH₂CH₂-piperazin-1-yl,    -   4-SO₂(Me)CH₂CH₂-piperazin-1-yl,    -   4-HOCH₂-piperidin-1-yl,    -   4-hydroxy-4-methyl-piperidin-1-yl;    -   3-carboxamido-piperidin-1-yl,    -   4-morpholino-piperidin-1-yl,    -   pyrrolidin-1-yl,    -   3-hydroxy-3-methyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl, and    -   pyrrolidin-2-yl.

In certain embodiments, R₄ is chosen from hydrogen, optionallysubstituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkoxy, cyano,halo, and hydroxy. In certain embodiments, R₄ is chosen from hydrogen,optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkoxy,halo, and hydroxy. In certain embodiments, R₄ is chosen from methyl,trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, methoxy, trifluoromethoxy,difluoromethoxy, and fluoro. In certain embodiments, R₄ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, R₂₂ is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl. Incertain embodiments, R₂₂ is chosen from hydrogen and methyl. In certainembodiments, R₂₂ is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R₁₆ is chosen from hydrogen, lower alkyl, andlower alkyl substituted with a group chosen from optionally substitutedalkoxy, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted acyl.

In certain embodiments, R₁₆ is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl. Incertain embodiments, R₁₆ is chosen from hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl. Incertain embodiments, R₁₆ is chosen from methyl and ethyl. In certainembodiments, R₁₆ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, R₂₁ is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl. Incertain embodiments, R₂₁ is chosen from hydrogen and methyl. In certainembodiments, R₂₁ is hydrogen.

Also provided is at least one chemical entity chosen from compounds ofFormula 2:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates,        non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof, wherein        R₄, R₁₆, R₂₂, R₂₁, A, L, and G are as described for compounds of        Formula 1 or as defined in any one of the preceding embodiments,        and wherein    -   R₅ is chosen from hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, sulfonyl,        optionally substituted amino, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl        substituted with one or more halo, lower alkoxy substituted with        one or more halo, lower alkyl substituted with hydroxy,        optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, and optionally        substituted heteroaryl; and    -   X is chosen from N and CH.

In certain embodiments, X is CH.

In certain embodiments, X is N.

In certain embodiments, R₅ is chosen from hydrogen, optionallysubstituted piperidinyl, and lower alkyl. In certain embodiments, R₅ ischosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted piperidinyl, iso-propyl,and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R₅ is tert-butyl.

Also provided is at least one chemical entity chosen from compounds ofFormula 3:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates,        non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof, wherein        R₄, R₁₆, R₂₂, R₂₁, L, and G are as described for compounds of        Formula 1 or as defined in any one of the preceding embodiments,        X and R₅ are as described for compounds of Formula 2 or as        defined in any one of the preceding embodiments, and wherein    -   Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃ are independently chosen from N and CH, provided        that one of Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃ is N.

In certain embodiments, Y₁ is N and Y₂ and Y₃ are CH. In certainembodiments, Y₂ is N and Y₁ and Y₃ are CH. In certain embodiments, Y₃ isN and Y₂ and Y₁ are CH.

Also provided is at least one chemical entity chosen from compounds ofFormula 4:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates,        non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof, wherein        R₄, R₁₆, R₂₂, R₂₁, L, and G are as described for compounds of        Formula 1 or as defined in any one of the preceding embodiments,        X and R₅ are as described for compounds of Formula 2 or as        defined in any one of the preceding embodiments, and Y₁, Y₂, and        Y₃ are as described for compounds of Formula 3 or as defined in        any one of the preceding embodiments.

Also provided is at least one chemical entity chosen from compounds ofFormula 5:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates,        non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof, wherein        R₄, R₁₆, R₂₂, R₂₁, L, and G are as described for compounds of        Formula 1 or as defined in any one of the preceding embodiments,        X and R₅ are as described for compounds of Formula 2 or as        defined in any one of the preceding embodiments, and wherein    -   Z₁ is chosen from O, S, and NR₁₀, and    -   R₁₀ is chosen from hydrogen and optionally substituted lower        alkyl.

In certain embodiments, Z₁ is O. In certain embodiments, Z₁ is S. Incertain embodiments, Z₁ is NR₁₀. In certain embodiments, R₁₀ is chosenfrom hydrogen and lower alkyl. In certain embodiments, R₁₀ is chosenfrom hydrogen and methyl.

Also provided is at least one chemical entity chosen from compounds ofFormula 6:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates,        non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof, wherein        R₄, R₁₆, R₂₂, R₂₁, L, and G are as described for compounds of        Formula 1 or as defined in any one of the preceding embodiments,        X and R₅ are as described for compounds of Formula 2 or as        defined in any one of the preceding embodiments, and Z₁ is as        described for compounds of Formula 5 or as defined in any one of        the preceding embodiments.

Also provided is at least one chemical entity chosen from compounds ofFormula 7:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates,        non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof, wherein        R₄, R₁₆, R₂₂, R₂₁, L, and G are as described for compounds of        Formula 1 or as defined in any one of the preceding embodiments,        X and R₅ are as described for compounds of Formula 2 or as        defined in any one of the preceding embodiments, and wherein    -   Z₂ is chosen from O, S, and NR₁₁; and    -   R₁₁ is chosen from hydrogen and optionally substituted lower        alkyl.

In certain embodiments, Z₂ is O. In certain embodiments, Z₂ is S. Incertain embodiments, Z₂ is NR₁₁. In certain embodiments, R₁₁ is chosenfrom hydrogen and lower alkyl. In certain embodiments, R₁₁ is chosenfrom hydrogen and methyl.

Also provided is at least one chemical entity chosen from compounds ofFormula 8:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates,        non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof, wherein        R₄, R₁₆, R₂₂, R₂₁, L, and G are as described for compounds of        Formula 1 or as defined in any one of the preceding embodiments,        X and R₅ are as described for compounds of Formula 2 or as        defined in any one of the preceding embodiments, and Z₂ is as        described for compounds of Formula 7 or as defined in any one of        the preceding embodiments.

In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula 1 is chosen from

-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{2-methyl-3-[1-methyl-6-oxo-5-(thiazol-2-ylamino)-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{2-methyl-3-[1-methyl-5-(oxazol-2-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{2-methyl-3-[1-methyl-5-(5-methyl-thiazol-2-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{2-methyl-3-[1-methyl-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{3-[5-(5-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl}-benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{2-methyl-3-[1-methyl-5-(5-methyl-isothiazol-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-benzamide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    {3-[5-(5-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl}-amide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{2-methyl-3-[1-methyl-5-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-benzamide-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{2-methyl-3-[1-methyl-6-oxo-5-(pyridazin-3-ylamino)-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{3-[5-(1,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl}-benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{2-methyl-3-[1-methyl-6-oxo-5-(pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{3-[5-(5-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl}-benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{2-methyl-3-[1-methyl-6-oxo-5-(pyrazin-2-ylamino)-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(1-methyl-5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)benzamide;-   N-(2-Methyl-3-(1-methyl-5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(1-methyl-5-(6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)benzamide;-   N-(2-Methyl-3-(1-methyl-5-(6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(3-(5-(6-(dimethylamino)pyridazin-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-2-methylphenyl)benzamide;-   N-(2-Methyl-3-(1-methyl-6-oxo-5-(pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(5-(6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(1-methyl-5-(5-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-2-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)benzamide;-   N-(2-Methyl-3-(1-methyl-5-(2-(2-morpholino-2-oxoethyl)thiazol-4-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(3-(5-(5-(4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carbonyl)thiazol-2-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-2-methylphenyl)benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(3-(5-(1-isopropyl-5-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-2-methylphenyl)benzamide;-   1-(1-Methyl-3-(1-methyl-5-(2-methyl-3-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamido)phenyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-ylamino)-1H-pyrazole-5-carbonyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(3-(5-(5-(4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carbonyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-2-methylphenyl)benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(3-(5-(6-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridazin-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-2-methylphenyl)benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(3-(5-(6-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridazin-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-2-methylphenyl)benzamide;-   N-(3-(5-(6-(4-Isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridazin-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(3-{5-[5-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)-thiazol-2-ylamino]-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-2-methyl-phenyl)-benzamide;-   2-{5-[3-(4-tert-Butyl-benzoylamino)-2-methyl-phenyl]-1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-3-ylamino}-thiazole-5-carboxylic    acid methylamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-{1-methyl-5-[1-methyl-5-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-phenyl)-benzamide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    {3-[5-(5-amino-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl}-amide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    {3-[5-(5-amino-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl}-amide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{3-[5-(6,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,4]oxazin-2-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl}-benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{2-methyl-3-[1-methyl-6-oxo-5-(5-pyrrolidin-2-yl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-benzamide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    (3-{5-[6-(4-ethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-pyridazin-3-ylamino]-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-2-methyl-phenyl)-amide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    [3-(5-{6-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridazin-3-ylamino}-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenyl]-amide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-[3-(5-{6-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridazin-3-ylamino}-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenyl]-benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{3-[5-(6-diethylamino-pyridazin-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl}-benzamide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    {3-[5-(6-diethylamino-pyridazin-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl}-amide;-   N-(3-(5-(6-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridazin-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide;-   5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    (3-{5-[6-(4-ethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-pyridazin-3-ylamino]-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-2-methyl-phenyl)-amide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    {2-methyl-3-[1-methyl-5-(6-morpholin-4-ylmethyl-pyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-amide;-   N-(3-(5-(6-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridazin-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{2-methyl-3-[1-methyl-5-(6-morpholin-4-ylmethyl-pyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-benzamide;-   4-tert-butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(1-methyl-5-(6-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)pyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)benzamide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    [3-(5-{6-[(isopropyl-methyl-amino)-methyl]-pyridazin-3-ylamino}-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenyl]-amide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-[3-(5-{6-[(isopropyl-methyl-amino)-methyl]-pyridazin-3-ylamino}-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenyl]-benzamide;-   5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    [3-(5-{6-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridazin-3-ylamino}-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenyl]-amide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(3-{5-[6-(4-hydroxy-piperidin-1-yl)-pyridazin-3-ylamino]-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-2-methyl-phenyl)-benzamide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    (3-{5-[6-(4-hydroxy-piperidin-1-yl)-pyridazin-3-ylamino]-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-2-methyl-phenyl)-amide;-   5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    (3-{5-[6-(4-hydroxy-piperidin-1-yl)-pyridazin-3-ylamino]-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-2-methyl-phenyl)-amide;-   5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    {3-[5-(6-diethylamino-pyridazin-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl}-amide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    (2-methyl-3-{1-methyl-5-[6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-pyridazin-3-ylamino]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-phenyl)-amide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(3-{5-[6-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-pyridazin-3-ylamino]-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-2-methyl-phenyl)-benzamide;-   N-(2-Methyl-3-{5-[6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-pyridazin-3-ylamino]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-phenyl)-4-piperidin-1-yl-benzamide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    (3-{5-[6-(4-hydroxymethyl-piperidin-1-yl)-pyridazin-3-ylamino]-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-2-methyl-phenyl)-amide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    [3-(5-{6-[4-(2-cyano-ethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridazin-3-ylamino}-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenyl]-amide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(3-{5-[6-(4-hydroxymethyl-piperidin-1-yl)-pyridazin-3-ylamino]-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-2-methyl-phenyl)-benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-[3-(5-{6-[4-(2-cyano-ethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridazin-3-ylamino}-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenyl]-benzamide;-   5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    (2-methyl-3-{1-methyl-5-[6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-pyridazin-3-ylamino]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-phenyl)-amide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-[3-(5-{6-[(2-methoxy-ethyl)-methyl-amino]-pyridazin-3-ylamino}-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenyl]-benzamide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    [3-(5-{6-[4-(2-methanesulfonyl-ethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridazin-3-ylamino}-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenyl]-amide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    {3-[5-(6-cyclopropylamino-pyridazin-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl}-amide;-   5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    [3-(5-{6-[4-(2-cyano-ethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridazin-3-ylamino}-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenyl]-amide;-   5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    {3-[5-(6-cyclopropylamino-pyridazin-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl}-amide;-   5-tert-Butyl-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid    (2-methyl-3-{5-[6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-pyridazin-3-ylamino]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-phenyl)-amide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    {2-methyl-3-[5-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-amide;-   5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    [3-(5-{6-[(isopropyl-methyl-amino)-methyl]-pyridazin-3-ylamino}-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenyl]-amide;-   5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    {2-methyl-3-[1-methyl-5-(6-morpholin-4-ylmethyl-pyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-amide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-[3-(5-{6-[(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-methyl-amino]-pyridazin-3-ylamino}-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenyl]-benzamide;-   5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    [3-(5-{6-[(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-methyl-amino]-pyridazin-3-ylamino}-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenyl]-amide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    (3-{5-[6-(4-hydroxy-4-methyl-piperidin-1-yl)-pyridazin-3-ylamino]-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-2-methyl-phenyl)-amide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(3-{5-[6-(4-hydroxy-4-methyl-piperidin-1-yl)-pyridazin-3-ylamino]-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-2-methyl-phenyl)-benzamide;-   4-(Ethyl-methyl-amino)-N-{2-methyl-3-[5-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-benzamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-{5-[6-(4-morpholin-4-yl-piperidin-1-yl)-pyridazin-3-ylamino]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-phenyl)-benzamide;-   4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    (2-methyl-3-{5-[6-(4-morpholin-4-yl-piperidin-1-yl)-pyridazin-3-ylamino]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-phenyl)-amide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{2,4-difluoro-5-[5-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-benzamide;-   Benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid    {2-methyl-3-[5-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-amide;-   6-tert-Butyl-N-{2-methyl-3-[5-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-nicotinamide;-   6,7-Dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-c]pyran-2-carboxylic acid    {2-methyl-3-[5-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-amide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-{2-methyl-3-[5-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-phenyl}-2-nitro-benzamide;-   5-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)picolinamide;-   4,4-Dimethyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)isochroman-7-carboxamide;-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(1-methyl-5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)benzamide;    and-   4-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)benzamide.

Methods for obtaining the novel compounds described herein will beapparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, suitable proceduresbeing described, for example, in the reaction scheme and examples below,and in the references cited herein.

Referring to Reaction Scheme 1, Step 1, to a suspension of3,5-dibromo-1H-pyridin-2-one and powdered potassium carbonate in aninert solvent such as DMF is added an excess (such as about 1.1equivalents) of a compound of Formula R₁₆-Q wherein Q is a leavinggroup, such as halo. The mixture is stirred at room temperature undernitrogen for about 18 h. The product, a compound of Formula 103, isisolated and optionally purified.

Referring to Reaction Scheme 1, Step 2, to a solution of a compound ofFormula 103 in an inert solvent such as toluene is added an excess (suchas about 1.2 equivalents) of a compound of formula NH₂-A-L-G, about 0.07equivalent of racemic-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl, about0.05 equivalent of tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), and anexcess (such as about 1.4 equivalents) of cesium carbonate. The mixtureis heated at about 120° C. for about 6 h. The product, a compound ofFormula 105, is isolated and optionally purified.

Referring to Reaction Scheme 1, Step 3, a mixture of a compound ofFormula 105 and an excess (such as about 1.1 equivalents) of a compoundof Formula 207, shown below in Reaction Scheme 2; 0.1 equivalent oftetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium; and a base such as sodiumcarbonate in a solvent such as aqueous 1,2-dimethoxyethane is heated ina sealed microwave reactor for 5 minutes (135° C., 300 W). The product,a compound of Formula 107, is isolated and optionally purified.

Referring to Reaction Scheme 2, Step 1, to a suspension of a compound ofFormula 201, bis(pinacolato)diboron, and a base such as potassiumacetate is added about 0.03 equivalent of [1,1′bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene]dichloropalladium (II) complex withdichloromethane (1:1). The reaction is heated at about 85° C. for about20 h. The product, a compound of Formula 203, is isolated and optionallypurified.

Referring to Reaction Scheme 2, Step 2, 10% palladium on charcoal isadded to a mixture of a compound of Formula 203 in a polar, proticsolvent such as methanol. To the mixture is added hydrogen gas. Thereaction is stirred under balloon pressure of hydrogen at roomtemperature for about 13 h. The product, a compound of Formula 205, isisolated and optionally purified.

Referring to Reaction Scheme 2, Step 3, a solution of about anequivalent of a compound of RCOCl in an inert solvent such asdichloromethane is added portionwise to a solution of a compound ofFormula 205 and a base such as triethylamine in an inert solvent such asdichloromethane. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for about 16h. The product, a compound of Formula 207, is isolated and optionallypurified.

Referring to Reaction Scheme 3, Step 1, a mixture of a compound ofFormula 301; an excess (such as about 1.2 equivalents) of bis(neopentylglycolato)diboron; and about 0.3 equivalent of[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene]dichloropalladium, 1:1 complexwith dichloromethane; and a base such as potassium acetate in an inertsolvent such as dioxane is heated at reflux for about 3 h. The product,a compound of Formula 303, is isolated and optionally purified.

Referring to Reaction Scheme 3, Step 2, a mixture of a compound ofFormula 303 and 10% palladium-on-carbon in an inert solvent such asethyl acetate methanol is treated with 40 psi of hydrogen for about 2 hat room temperature. The product, a compound of Formula 305, is isolatedand optionally purified.

Referring to Reaction Scheme 3, Step 3, a solution of a compound ofFormula 305 and a base, such as triethylamine in an inert solvent suchas THF is treated dropwise with about an equivalent of an acid chlorideof the formula RCOCl and the mixture is stirred at room temperature forabout 15 min. The product, a compound of Formula 307, is isolated andoptionally purified.

In some embodiments, the chemical entities described herein areadministered as a pharmaceutical composition or formulation.Accordingly, the invention provides pharmaceutical formulationscomprising at least one chemical entity chosen from compounds of Formula1 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates,non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof, together with atleast one pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle chosen from carriers,adjuvants, and excipients.

Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles must be of sufficiently high purityand sufficiently low toxicity to render them suitable for administrationto the animal being treated. The vehicle can be inert or it can possesspharmaceutical benefits. The amount of vehicle employed in conjunctionwith the chemical entity is sufficient to provide a practical quantityof material for administration per unit dose of the chemical entity.

Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or components thereof aresugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as cornstarch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives, such as sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and methyl cellulose; powderedtragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; solid lubricants, such as stearic acidand magnesium stearate; calcium sulfate; synthetic oils; vegetable oils,such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, and corn oil;polyols such as propylene glycol, glycerine, sorbitol, mannitol, andpolyethylene glycol; alginic acid; phosphate buffer solutions;emulsifiers, such as the TWEENS; wetting agents, such as sodium laurylsulfate; coloring agents; flavoring agents; tableting agents;stabilizers; antioxidants; preservatives; pyrogen-free water; isotonicsaline; and phosphate buffer solutions.

Optional active agents may be included in a pharmaceutical composition,which do not substantially interfere with the activity of the chemicalentity of the present invention.

Effective concentrations of at least one chemical entity chosen fromcompounds of Formula 1 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates,chelates, non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof, aremixed with a suitable pharmaceutical acceptable vehicle. In instances inwhich the chemical entity exhibits insufficient solubility, methods forsolubilizing compounds may be used. Such methods are known to those ofskill in this art, and include, but are not limited to, usingcosolvents, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), using surfactants, such asTWEEN, or dissolution in aqueous sodium bicarbonate.

Upon mixing or addition of the chemical entity described herein, theresulting mixture may be a solution, suspension, emulsion or the like.The form of the resulting mixture depends upon a number of factors,including the intended mode of administration and the solubility of thechemical entity in the chosen vehicle. The effective concentrationsufficient for ameliorating the symptoms of the disease treated may beempirically determined.

Chemical entities described herein may be administered orally,topically, parenterally, intravenously, by intramuscular injection, byinhalation or spray, sublingually, transdermally, via buccaladministration, rectally, as an ophthalmic solution, or by other means,in dosage unit formulations.

Dosage formulations suitable for oral use, include, for example,tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersiblepowders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, or syrups orelixirs. Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according toany method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceuticalcompositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents, suchas sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservingagents, in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatablepreparations. In some embodiments, oral formulations contain from 0.1 to99% of at least one chemical entity described herein. In someembodiments, oral formulations contain at least 5% (weight %) of atleast one chemical entity described herein. Some embodiments containfrom 25% to 50% or from 5% to 75% of at least one chemical entitydescribed herein.

Orally administered compositions also include liquid solutions,emulsions, suspensions, powders, granules, elixirs, tinctures, syrups,and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers suitable forpreparation of such compositions are well known in the art. Oralformulations may contain preservatives, flavoring agents, sweeteningagents, such as sucrose or saccharin, taste-masking agents, and coloringagents.

Typical components of carriers for syrups, elixirs, emulsions andsuspensions include ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol, liquid sucrose, sorbitol and water. Syrups and elixirs may beformulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propyleneglycol, sorbitol, or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain ademulcent.

Chemical entities described herein can be incorporated into oral liquidpreparations such as aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions,syrups, or elixirs, for example. Moreover, formulations containing thesechemical entities can be presented as a dry product for constitutionwith water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquidpreparations can contain conventional additives, such as suspendingagents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose, glucose/sugar, syrup,gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminumstearate gel, and hydrogenated edible fats), emulsifying agents (e.g.,lecithin, sorbitan monsoleate, or acacia), non-aqueous vehicles, whichcan include edible oils (e.g., almond oil, fractionated coconut oil,silyl esters, propylene glycol and ethyl alcohol), and preservatives(e.g., methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate and sorbic acid).

For a suspension, typical suspending agents include methylcellulose,sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, AVICEL RC-591, tragacanth and sodiumalginate; typical wetting agents include lecithin and polysorbate 80;and typical preservatives include methyl paraben and sodium benzoate.

Aqueous suspensions contain the active material(s) in admixture withexcipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Suchexcipients include suspending agents, for example sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropylmethylcellulose,sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia;dispersing or wetting agents; naturally-occurring phosphatides, forexample, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide withfatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensationproducts of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, forexample heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products ofethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and ahexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol substitute, or condensationproducts of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acidsand hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan substitute.The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, forexample ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate.

Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredientsin a vegetable oil, for example peanut oil, olive oil, sesame oil orcoconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oilysuspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hardparaffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forthabove, and flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oralpreparations. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of ananti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form ofoil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, forexample olive oil or peanut oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquidparaffin or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents may benaturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth,naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, andesters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol,anhydrides, for example sorbitan monoleate, and condensation products ofthe said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylenesorbitan monoleate.

Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueoussuspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient inadmixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and oneor more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents andsuspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above.

Tablets typically comprise conventional pharmaceutically acceptableadjuvants as inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodiumcarbonate, mannitol, lactose and cellulose; binders such as starch,gelatin and sucrose; disintegrants such as starch, alginic acid andcroscarmelose; lubricants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid andtalc. Glidants such as silicon dioxide can be used to improve flowcharacteristics of the powder mixture. Coloring agents, such as the FD&Cdyes, can be added for appearance. Sweeteners and flavoring agents, suchas aspartame, saccharin, menthol, peppermint, and fruit flavors, can beuseful adjuvants for chewable tablets. Capsules (including time releaseand sustained release formulations) typically comprise one or more soliddiluents disclosed above. The selection of carrier components oftendepends on secondary considerations like taste, cost, and shelfstability.

Such compositions may also be coated by conventional methods, typicallywith pH or time-dependent coatings, such that the chemical entity isreleased in the gastrointestinal tract in the vicinity of the desiredtopical application, or at various times to extend the desired action.Such dosage forms typically include, but are not limited to, one or moreof cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinylacetate phthalate,hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, ethyl cellulose, Eudragitcoatings, waxes and shellac.

Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsuleswherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, forexample, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as softgelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or anoil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

Pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectableaqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulatedaccording to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wettingagents and suspending agents that have been mentioned above. The sterileinjectable preparation may also be sterile injectable solution orsuspension in a non-toxic parentally acceptable vehicle, for example asa solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles that may beemployed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloridesolution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employedas a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oilmay be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition,fatty acids such as oleic acid can be useful in the preparation ofinjectables.

Chemical entities described herein may be administered parenterally in asterile medium. Parenteral administration includes subcutaneousinjections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal injection orinfusion techniques. Chemical entities described herein, depending onthe vehicle and concentration used, can either be suspended or dissolvedin the vehicle. Advantageously, adjuvants such as local anesthetics,preservatives and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle. Inmany compositions for parenteral administration the carrier comprises atleast 90% by weight of the total composition. In some embodiments, thecarrier for parenteral administration is chosen from propylene glycol,ethyl oleate, pyrrolidone, ethanol, and sesame oil.

Chemical entites described herein may also be administered in the formof suppositories for rectal administration of the drug. Thesecompositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitablenon-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures butliquid at rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum torelease the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter and polyethyleneglycols.

Chemical entities described herein may be formulated for local ortopical application, such as for topical application to the skin andmucous membranes, such as in the eye, in the form of gels, creams, andlotions and for application to the eye. Topical compositions may be inany form including, for example, solutions, creams, ointments, gels,lotions, milks, cleansers, moisturizers, sprays, skin patches, and thelike.

Such solutions may be formulated as 0.01%-10% isotonic solutions, pH5-7, with appropriate salts. Chemical entities described herein may alsobe formulated for transdermal administration as a transdermal patch.

Topical compositions comprising at least one chemical entity describedherein can be admixed with a variety of carrier materials well known inthe art, such as, for example, water, alcohols, aloe vera gel,allantoin, glycerine, vitamin A and E oils, mineral oil, propyleneglycol, PPG-2 myristyl propionate, and the like.

Other materials suitable for use in topical carriers include, forexample, emollients, solvents, humectants, thickeners and powders.Examples of each of these types of materials, which can be used singlyor as mixtures of one or more materials, are as follows:

Representative emollients include stearyl alcohol, glycerylmonoricinoleate, glyceryl monostearate, propane-1,2-diol,butane-1,3-diol, mink oil, cetyl alcohol, iso-propyl isostearate,stearic acid, iso-butyl palmitate, isocetyl stearate, oleyl alcohol,isopropyl laurate, hexyl laurate, decyl oleate, octadecan-2-ol, isocetylalcohol, cetyl palmitate, dimethylpolysiloxane, di-n-butyl sebacate,iso-propyl myristate, iso-propyl palmitate, iso-propyl stearate, butylstearate, polyethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, lanolin, sesame oil,coconut oil, arachis oil, castor oil, acetylated lanolin alcohols,petroleum, mineral oil, butyl myristate, isostearic acid, palmitic acid,isopropyl linoleate, lauryl lactate, myristyl lactate, decyl oleate, andmyristyl myristate; propellants, such as propane, butane, iso-butane,dimethyl ether, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide; solvents, such asethyl alcohol, methylene chloride, iso-propanol, castor oil, ethyleneglycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether, dimethyl sulphoxide, dimethyl formamide,tetrahydrofuran; humectants, such as glycerin, sorbitol, sodium2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate, soluble collagen, dibutyl phthalate, andgelatin; and powders, such as chalk, talc, fullers earth, kaolin,starch, gums, colloidal silicon dioxide, sodium polyacrylate, tetraalkyl ammonium smectites, trialkyl aryl ammonium smectites, chemicallymodified magnesium aluminium silicate, organically modifiedmontmorillonite clay, hydrated aluminium silicate, fumed silica,carboxyvinyl polymer, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and ethyleneglycol monostearate.

Chemical entities described herein may also be topically administered inthe form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellarvesicles, large unilamellar vesicles, and multilamellar vesicles.Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such ascholesterol, stearylamine and phosphatidylcholines.

Other compositions useful for attaining systemic delivery of thechemical entity include sublingual, buccal and nasal dosage forms. Suchcompositions typically comprise one or more of soluble filler substancessuch as sucrose, sorbitol and mannitol, and binders such as acacia,microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Glidants, lubricants, sweeteners, colorants,antioxidants and flavoring agents disclosed above may also be included.

Compositions for inhalation typically can be provided in the form of asolution, suspension or emulsion that can be administered as a drypowder or in the form of an aerosol using a conventional propellant(e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane or trichlorofluoromethane).

The compositions of the present invention may also optionally comprisean activity enhancer. The activity enhancer can be chosen from a widevariety of molecules that function in different ways to enhance or beindependent of therapeutic effects of the chemical entities describedherein. Particular classes of activity enhancers include skinpenetration enhancers and absorption enhancers.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also contain additionalactive agents that can be chosen from a wide variety of molecules, whichcan function in different ways to enhance the therapeutic effects of atleast one chemical entity described herein. These optional other activeagents, when present, are typically employed in the compositions of theinvention at a level ranging from 0.01% to 15%. Some embodiments containfrom 0.1% to 10% by weight of the composition. Other embodiments containfrom 0.5% to 5% by weight of the composition.

The invention includes packaged pharmaceutical formulations. Suchpackaged formulations include a pharmaceutical composition comprising atleast one chemical entity chosen from compounds of Formula 1 andpharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates, non-covalentcomplexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof, and instructions for usingthe composition to treat a mammal (typically a human patient). In someembodiments, the instructions are for using the pharmaceuticalcomposition to treat a patient suffering from a disease responsive toinhibition of Btk activity and/or inhibition of B-cell activity. Theinvention can include providing prescribing information; for example, toa patient or health care provider, or as a label in a packagedpharmaceutical formulation. Prescribing information may include forexample efficacy, dosage and administration, contraindication andadverse reaction information pertaining to the pharmaceuticalformulation.

In all of the foregoing the chemical entities can be administered alone,as mixtures, or in combination with other active agents.

Accordingly, the invention includes a method of treating a patient, forexample, a mammal, such as a human, having a disease responsive toinhibition of Btk activity, comprising administrating to the patienthaving such a disease, an effective amount of at least one chemicalentity chosen from compounds of Formula 1 and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, solvates, chelates, non-covalent complexes, prodrugs,and mixtures thereof.

To the extent that Btk is implicated in disease, alleviation of thedisease, disease symptoms, preventative, and prophylactic treatment iswithin the scope of this invention. In some embodiments, the chemicalentities described herein may also inhibit other kinases, such thatalleviation of disease, disease symptoms, preventative, and prophylactictreatment of conditions associated with these kinases is also within thescope of this invention.

Methods of treatment also include inhibiting Btk activity and/orinhibiting B-cell activity, by inhibiting ATP binding or hydrolysis byBtk or by some other mechanism, in vivo, in a patient suffering from adisease responsive to inhibition of Btk activity, by administering aneffective concentration of at least one chemical entity chosen fromcompounds of Formula 1 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates,chelates, non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof. Anexample of an effective concentration would be that concentrationsufficient to inhibit Btk activity in vitro. An effective concentrationmay be ascertained experimentally, for example by assaying bloodconcentration of the chemical entity, or theoretically, by calculatingbioavailability.

In some embodiments, the condition responsive to inhibition of Btkactivity and/or B-cell activity is cancer, an allergic disorder and/oran autoimmune and/or inflammatory disease, and/or an acute inflammatoryreaction.

The invention includes a method of treating a patient having cancer, anallergic disorder and/or an autoimmune and/or inflammatory disease,and/or an acute inflammatory reaction, by administering an effectiveamount of at least one chemical entity chosen from compounds of Formula1 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates,non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the conditions and diseases that can be affectedusing chemical entities described herein, include, but are not limitedto:

allergic disorders, including but not limited to eczema, allergicrhinitis or coryza, hay fever, bronchial asthma, urticaria (hives) andfood allergies, and other atopic conditions;

autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases, including but not limited topsoriasis, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, Sjogren's disease,tissue graft rejection, and hyperacute rejection of transplanted organs,asthma, systemic lupus erythematosus (and associatedglomerulonephritis), dermatomyositis, multiple sclerosis, scleroderma,vasculitis (ANCA-associated and other vasculitides), autoimmunehemolytic and thrombocytopenic states, Goodpasture's syndrome (andassociated glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage),atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic Idiopathicthrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Addison's disease, Parkinson's disease,Alzheimer's disease, Diabetes mellitus (type 1), septic shock,myasthenia gravis, Ulcerative Colitis, Aplastic anemia, Coeliac disease,Wegener's granulomatosis and other diseases in which the cells andantibodies arise from and are directed against the individual's owntissues;acute inflammatory reactions, including but not limited to skin sunburn,inflammatory pelvic disease, inflammatory bowel disease, urethritis,uvitis, sinusitis, pneumonitis, encephalitis, meningitis, myocarditis,nephritis, osteomyelitis, myositis, hepatitis, gastritis, enteritis,dermatitis, gingivitis, appendicitis, pancreatitis, and cholocystitis,andcancer, including but not limited to hematological malignancies, such asB-cell lymphoma, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenousleukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic and acute lymphocyticleukemia, hairy cell leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma,multiple myeloma, and other diseases that are characterized by cancer ofthe blood or lymphatic system.

Btk is a known inhibitor of apoptosis in lymphoma B-cells. Defectiveapoptosis contributes to the pathogenesis and drug resistance of humanleukemias and lymphomas. Thus, further provided is a method of promotingor inducing apoptosis in cells expressing Btk comprising contacting thecell with at least one chemical entity chosen from compounds of Formula1 pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates, non-covalentcomplexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof.

The invention provides methods of treatment in which at least onechemical entity chosen from compounds of Formula 1 pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, solvates, chelates, non-covalent complexes, prodrugs,and mixtures thereof, is the only active agent given to a patient andalso includes methods of treatment in which at least one chemical entitychosen from compounds of Formula 1 and pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, solvates, chelates, non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, andmixtures thereof, is given to a patient in combination with one or moreadditional active agents.

Thus in one embodiment the invention provides a method of treatingcancer, an allergic disorder and/or an autoimmune and/or inflammatorydisease, and/or an acute inflammatory reaction, which comprisesadministering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of atleast one chemical entity chosen from compounds of Formula 1 andpharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates, non-covalentcomplexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof, together with a second activeagent, which can be useful for treating a cancer, an allergic disorderand/or an autoimmune and/or inflammatory disease, and/or an acuteinflammatory reaction. For example the second agent may be ananti-inflammatory agent. Treatment with the second active agent may beprior to, concomitant with, or following treatment with at least onechemical entity chosen from compounds of Formula 1 and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, solvates, chelates, non-covalent complexes, prodrugs,and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, at least one chemicalentity chosen from compounds of Formula 1 and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, solvates, chelates, non-covalent complexes, prodrugs,and mixtures thereof, is combined with another active agent in a singledosage form. Suitable antitumor therapeutics that may be used incombination with at least one chemical entity described herein include,but are not limited to, chemotherapeutic agents, for example mitomycinC, carboplatin, taxol, cisplatin, paclitaxel, etoposide, doxorubicin, ora combination comprising at least one of the foregoing chemotherapeuticagents. Radiotherapeutic antitumor agents may also be used, alone or incombination with chemotherapeutic agents.

Chemical entities described herein can be useful as chemosensitizingagents, and, thus, can be useful in combination with otherchemotherapeutic drugs, in particular, drugs that induce apoptosis.

A method for increasing sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy,comprising administering to a patient undergoing chemotherapy achemotherapeutic agent together with at least one chemical entity chosenfrom compounds of Formula 1 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts,solvates, chelates, non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixturesthereof, in an amount sufficient to increase the sensitivity of cancercells to the chemotherapeutic agent is also provided herein.

Examples of other chemotherapeutic drugs that can be used in combinationwith chemical entities described herein include topoisomerase Iinhibitors (camptothesin or topotecan), topoisomerase II inhibitors(e.g. daunomycin and etoposide), alkylating agents (e.g.cyclophosphamide, melphalan and BCNU), tubulin directed agents (e.g.taxol and vinblastine), and biological agents (e.g. antibodies such asanti CD20 antibody, IDEC 8, immunotoxins, and cytokines), tyrosinekinase inhibitors (e.g., Gleevac), and the like.

Included herein are methods of treatment in which at least one chemicalentity chosen from compounds of Formula 1 and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, solvates, chelates, non-covalent complexes, prodrugs,and mixtures thereof, is administered in combination with ananti-inflammatory agent. Anti-inflammatory agents include but are notlimited to NSAIDs, non-specific and COX-2 specific cyclooxygenase enzymeinhibitors, gold compounds, corticosteroids, methotrexate, tumornecrosis factor receptor (TNF) receptors antagonists, immunosuppressantsand methotrexate.

Examples of NSAIDs include, but are not limited to ibuprofen,flurbiprofen, naproxen and naproxen sodium, diclofenac, combinations ofdiclofenac sodium and misoprostol, sulindac, oxaprozin, diflunisal,piroxicam, indomethacin, etodolac, fenoprofen calcium, ketoprofen,sodium nabumetone, sulfasalazine, tolmetin sodium, andhydroxychloroquine. Examples of NSAIDs also include COX-2 specificinhibitors (i.e., a compound that inhibits COX-2 with an IC₅₀ that is atleast 50-fold lower than the IC₅₀ for COX-1) such as celecoxib,valdecoxib, lumiracoxib, etoricoxib and/or rofecoxib.

In a further embodiment, the anti-inflammatory agent is a salicylate.Salicylates include but are not limited to acetylsalicylic acid oraspirin, sodium salicylate, and choline and magnesium salicylates.

The anti-inflammatory agent may also be a corticosteroid. For example,the corticosteroid may be chosen from cortisone, dexamethasone,methylprednisolone, prednisolone, prednisolone sodium phosphate, andprednisone.

In additional embodiments the anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent is agold compound such as gold sodium thiomalate or auranofin.

The invention also includes embodiments in which the anti-inflammatoryagent is a metabolic inhibitor such as a dihydrofolate reductaseinhibitor, such as methotrexate or a dihydroorotate dehydrogenaseinhibitor, such as leflunomide.

Other embodiments of the invention pertain to combinations in which atleast one anti-inflammatory compound is an anti-C5 monoclonal antibody(such as eculizumab or pexelizumab), a TNF antagonist, such asentanercept, or infliximab, which is an anti-TNF alpha monoclonalantibody.

Still other embodiments of the invention pertain to combinations inwhich at least one active agent is an immunosuppressant compound such asmethotrexate, leflunomide, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, azathioprine, ormycophenolate mofetil.

Dosage levels of the order, for example, of from 0.1 mg to 140 mg perkilogram of body weight per day can be useful in the treatment of theabove-indicated conditions (0.5 mg to 7 g per patient per day). Theamount of active ingredient that may be combined with the vehicle toproduce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treatedand the particular mode of administration. Dosage unit forms willgenerally contain from 1 mg to 500 mg of an active ingredient.

Frequency of dosage may also vary depending on the compound used and theparticular disease treated. In some embodiments, for example, for thetreatment of an allergic disorder and/or autoimmune and/or inflammatorydisease, a dosage regimen of 4 times daily or less is used. In someembodiments, a dosage regimen of 1 or 2 times daily is used. It will beunderstood, however, that the specific dose level for any particularpatient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity ofthe specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health,sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, and rate ofexcretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular diseasein the patient undergoing therapy.

A labeled form of a compound of the invention can be used as adiagnostic for identifying and/or obtaining compounds that have thefunction of modulating an activity of a kinase as described herein. Thecompounds of the invention may additionally be used for validating,optimizing, and standardizing bioassays.

By “labeled” herein is meant that the compound is either directly orindirectly labeled with a label which provides a detectable signal,e.g., radioisotope, fluorescent tag, enzyme, antibodies, particles suchas magnetic particles, chemiluminescent tag, or specific bindingmolecules, etc. Specific binding molecules include pairs, such as biotinand streptavidin, digoxin and antidigoxin etc. For the specific bindingmembers, the complementary member would normally be labeled with amolecule which provides for detection, in accordance with knownprocedures, as outlined above. The label can directly or indirectlyprovide a detectable signal.

The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limitingexamples.

EXAMPLE 1

3,5-Dibromo-1-methyl-1H-pyridin-2-one

A 1-L round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer was chargedwith 3,5-dibromo-1H-pyridin-2-one (7.0 g, 27.7 mmol), anhydrous DMF (280mL) and powdered potassium carbonate (−350 mesh, 8.4 g, 61.1 mmol), andthe suspension stirred for 15 min at ambient temperature. After thistime, methyl iodide (4.3 g, 30.5 mmol) was added, and the mixture wasstirred at room temperature under nitrogen for the further 18 h. Thereaction mixture was then diluted with water (200 mL), extracted withethyl acetate (3×250 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated invacuo. The resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography onsilica to give an 84% yield (6.2 g) of3,5-dibromo-1-methyl-1H-pyridin-2-one as an off-white solid; mp 87-88°C.; MS (ESI+) m/z 266 (M+H).

5-Bromo-3-(5-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-1H-pyridin-2-one

To a solution of 3,5-dibromo-1-methyl-1Hpyridin-2-one (267 mg; 1.0 mmol)in dioxane (10 mL) was added 5-tert-Butyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamine (167 mg;1.2 mmol), 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (87 mg, 0.15mmol), tris (dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0) (70 mg, 0.10 mmol) andcesium carbonate (977 mg, 3 mmol) were then added. The flask was thenheated at 120° C. for 6 h under a reflux condensor. The mixture wascooled to room temperature, diluted with water (50 mL) and extractedwith EtOAc (3×50 mL). The crude organic layer was adsorbed onto silicagel and purified by flash chromatography (9:1 CH₂Cl₂:MeOH) to give5-Bromo-3-(5-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-1H-pyridin-2-oneas a white solid (250 mg).

4-tert-Butyl-N-{3-[5-(5-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl}-benzamide

A mixture of5-Bromo-3-(5-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-1H-pyridin-2-one(125 mg; 0.38 mmol),4-tert-butyl-N-[2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-benzamide(180 mg; 0.46 mmol), tetrakis-(triphenylphosphine)palladium (24 mg; 0.02mmol), sodium carbonate (400 mg; 1.2 mmol), and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (4mL) and water (4 mL) were heated in a sealed microwave reactor for 5 min(135° C., 300 W). The mixture diluted with ethyl acetate, adsorbed ontosilica gel, and flash chromatographed (9:1 CH₂Cl₂:MeOH) to give4-tert-Butyl-N-{3-[5-(5-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl}-benzamideas a tan solid (205 mg).

EXAMPLE 24-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(1-methyl-5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)benzamide(4)

3-Amino-5-bromo-1-methyl-1H-pyridin-2-one (2)

A 48-mL seal tube equipped with a magnetic stirring bar was charged withbenzophenone imine (0.43 g, 2.4 mmol),3,5-dibromo-1-methyl-1H-pyridin-2-one (1) (0.51 g, 2.0 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂(0.025 g, 0.040 mmol), rac-BINAP (0.082 g, 0.13 mmol), and Cs₂CO₃ (0.92g, 2.8 mmol) in dioxane (15 mL). After the mixture was degassed for 15min., it was heated at 95° C. for 16 h. Then, the reaction mixture wascooled to room temperature and poured into H₂O (10 mL). To this wasadded dichloromethane and the layers were separated. The aqueous phasewas extracted with dichloromethane (3×10 mL), and the combined organicextracts were washed with H₂O (5 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄),and concentrated. The crude product was dissolved in 1 N HCl/MeOH (3 mL)and stirred for 1 h at room temperature. Then, to the reaction mixturewas added sat. NaHCO₃ (10 mL) and dichloromethane (10 mL), and thephases were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted withdichloromethane, and the combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (5mL) and brine (5 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The crudemixture was purified by column chromatography, gradient 0-10% MeOH indichloromethane/ether (1/1), to afford 0.22 g (54%) of3-amino-5-bromo-1-methyl-1H-pyridin-2-one (2) as a solid.

N-[3-(5-Amino-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenyl]-4-tert-butyl-benzamide(3)

A 48-mL seal tube equipped with a magnetic stirring bar was charged with3-amino-5-bromo-1-methyl-1H-pyridin-2-one (2) (0.10 g, 0.50 mmol),4-tert-butyl-N-[2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-benzamide(0.24 g, 0.70 mmol), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.030 g, 0.025 mmol) in DME (10 mL)and 1N Na₂CO₃ (5 mL). After the mixture was degassed for 15 min., it washeated at 95° C. for 16 h. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to roomtemperature and poured into H₂O (10 mL). To this was addeddichloromethane and the phases were separated. The aqueous layer wasextracted with dichloromethane, and the combined organic layers werewashed with H₂O (5 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), andconcentrated. The crude mixture was purified by column chromatography,gradient 0-10% MeOH in dichloromethane/ether (1/1), to afford 0.14 g(68%) ofN-[3-(5-amino-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenyl]-4-tert-butyl-benzamide(3) as a solid.

4-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(1-methyl-5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)benzamide(4)

A 48-mL seal tube equipped with a magnetic stirring bar was charged withN-[3-(5-amino-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-phenyl]-4-tert-butyl-benzamide(3) (0.39 g, 1.0 mmol), 4-(6-chloropyridazin-3-yl)morpholine (0.30 g,1.5 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.064 g, 0.070 mmol),9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (0.058 g, 0.10 mmol),and Cs₂CO₃ (652 g, 2.0 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL). After the mixture wasdegassed for 15 min., it was heated at 95° C. for 16 h. Then, thereaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured into H₂O (10mL). To this was added dichloromethane (10 mL) and the layers wereseparated. The aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (3×10mL), and the combined organic extracts were washed with H₂O (5 mL) andbrine (5 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The crude mixture waspurified by column chromatography, gradient 0-33%, MeOH indichloromethane, to afford 0.210 g (38%) of4-tert-butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(1-methyl-5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)benzamide(4) as a solid: LCMS m/z 553.3365 (M⁺).

EXAMPLE 34-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)benzamide(8)

N-(3-(5-Amino-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-4-tert-butylbenzamide(6)

A 48-mL seal tube equipped with a magnetic stirring bar was charged with2-methoxy-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-3-amine(5) (1.0 g, 4.0 mmol), N-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-4-tert-butylbenzamide(1.8 g, 5.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0.20 g,0.20 mmol) in DME (10 mL) and 1 N sodium carbonate (10 mL). After themixture was degassed for 15 min., it was heated at 95° C. for 16 h.Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and pouredinto H₂O (10 mL). To this was added dichloromethane (20 mL) and thelayers were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted withdichloromethane (3×10 mL), and the combined organic extracts were washedwith H₂O (5 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. Thecrude mixture was purified by column chromatography, gradient 0-10%,MeOH in dichloromethane, to afford 1.0 g (64%) ofN-(3-(5-amino-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-4-tert-butylbenzamide(6) as a solid.

4-tert-Butyl-N-(3-(6-methoxy-5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)pyridin-3-yl)-2-methylphenyl)benzamide(7)

A 48-mL seal tube equipped with a magnetic stirring bar was charged withN-(3-(5-amino-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-4-tert-butylbenzamide(6) (0.39 g, 1.0 mmol), 4-(6-chloropyridazin-3-yl)morpholine (0.30 g,1.5 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.083 g, 0.10 mmol),9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (0.075 g, 0.13 mmol),and Cs₂CO₃ (0.65 g, 2.0 mmol) in dioxane (15 mL). After the mixture wasdegassed for 15 min., it was heated at 95° C. for 16 h. Then, thereaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured into H₂O (10mL). To this was added dichloromethane (20 mL) and the layers wereseparated. The aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (3×10mL), and the combined organic extracts were washed with H₂O (5 mL) andbrine (5 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The crude mixture waspurified by column chromatography, gradient 0-33%, MeOH indichloromethane, to afford 0.12 g (22%) of4-tert-butyl-N-(3-(6-methoxy-5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)pyridin-3-yl)-2-methylphenyl)benzamide(7) as a solid.

4-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)benzamide(8)

A 25-mL round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer wascharged with4-tert-butyl-N-(3-(6-methoxy-5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)pyridin-3-yl)-2-methylphenyl)benzamide(7) (0.10 g, 0.18 mmol), dioxane (3 mL), H₂O (1 mL), and conc. HCl (0.3mL). After the reaction mixture was refluxed for 2 h, it was basifiedwith 10 N NaOH (1 mL). The mixture was then diluted with water (5 mL),extracted with dichloromethane (3×5 mL), washed with H₂O (5 mL) andbrine (5 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. Thecrude mixture was purified by column chromatography, gradient 0-33% MeOHin dichloromethane, to afford 0.040 g (41%) of4-tert-butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)benzamide(8) as a solid: LCMS m/z 552.2342 (M⁺).

EXAMPLE 4

The following compounds were prepared using procedures similar to thosedescribed in Examples 1, 2 and 3.

MH+ Structure MW m/z

472.19 473.15

456.22 457.17

486.21 487.15

469.25 470.19

495.26 496.21

486.21 487.18

499.20 500.11

470.23 471.20

467.23 468.20

483.26 484.26

467.23 468.28

511.29 512.11

467.23 468.23

552.3 553.4465

556.2 557.3259

565.3 566.438

569.3 570.3961

510.3 511

471.2 472.2588

538.3 539.4

551.3 552.2

541.3 542.52

603.2 603.44

599.3 600.28

609.3 610.75

627.3 628.52

596.3 597.44

593.3476 594.376

579.3319 580.27

597.2884 598.28

599.26 600.5

529.21 530.6

582.30 583.4

488.2 489.3

511.26 512.3

524.29 525.5

583.27 584.2

599.27 600.1

595.33 596.2

538.31 539.1

542.25 543.1

611.3 612.2

597.29 598.3

570.24 571.13

531.19 532.08

566.30 567.16

579.33 580.2

556.26 557.1

552.32 553.2

613.28 614.1

566.3 567.1

570.24 571.0

584.26 585.0

556.26 557.4

583.27 584.2

527.25 528.1

578.31 580.0

584.26 585.1

608.27 609.1

580.32 581.2

604.33 605.2

597.29 598.2

554.30 555.2

661.25 662.1

526.22 527.2

622.28 623.2

540.23 541.2

553.29 554.2

542.21 543.1

570.28 571.3

584.26 585.2

567.33 568.2

585.29 586.2

584.26 585.2

580.32 581.2

539.26 540.2

621.34 622.2

625.28 626.3

560.23 561.1

538.18 539.1

539.26 540.2

544.19 545.1

583.25 584.2

539.26 540.3

566.26 567.0

EXAMPLE 5 Biochemical Btk Assay

A generalized procedure for one standard biochemical Btk Kinase Assaythat can be used to test compounds disclosed in this application is asfollows.

A master mix minus Btk enzyme is prepared containing 1× Cell Signalingkinase buffer (25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 5 mM beta-glycerophosphate, 2 mMdithiothreitol, 0.1 mM Na₃VO₄, 10 mM MgCl₂), 0.5 μM Promega PTKBiotinylated peptide substrate 2, and 0.01% BSA. A master mix plus Btkenzyme is prepared containing 1× Cell Signaling kinase buffer, 0.5 μMPTK Biotinylated peptide substrate 2, 0.01% BSA, and 100 ng/well (0.06mU/well) Btk enzyme. Btk enzyme is prepared as follows: full lengthhuman wildtype Btk (accession number NM-000061) with a C-terminal V5 and6×His tag was subcloned into pFastBac vector for making baculoviruscarrying this epitope-tagged Btk. Generation of baculovirus is donebased on Invitrogen's instructions detailed in its published protocol“Bac-toBac Baculovirus Expression Systems” (Cat. Nos. 10359-016 and10608-016). Passage 3 virus is used to infect Sf9 cells to overexpressthe recombinant Btk protein. The Btk protein is then purified tohomogeneity using Ni-NTA column. The purity of the final proteinpreparation is greater than 95% based on the sensitive Sypro-Rubystaining. A solution of 200 μM ATP is prepared in water and adjusted topH7.4 with 1N NaOH. A quantity of 1.25 μL of compounds in 5% DMSO istransferred to a 96-well ½ area Costar polystyrene plate Compounds aretested singly and with an 11-point dose-responsive curve (startingconcentration is 10 μM; 1:2 dilution). A quantity of 18.75 μL of mastermix minus enzyme (as a negative control) and master mix plus enzyme istransferred to appropriate wells in 96-well ½ area costar polystyreneplate. 5 μL of 200 μM ATP is added to that mixture in the 96-well ½ areaCostar polystyrene plate for final ATP concentration of 40 μM. Thereaction is allowed to incubate for 1 hour at room temperature. Thereaction is stopped with Perkin Elmer 1× detection buffer containing 30mM EDTA, 20 nM SA-APC, and 1 nM PT66 Ab. The plate is read usingtime-resolved fluorescence with a Perkin Elmer Envision using excitationfilter 330 nm, emission filter 665 nm, and 2^(nd) emission filter 615nm. IC₅₀ values are subsequently calculated.

EXAMPLE 6 Ramos Cell Btk Assay

Another generalized procedure for a standard cellular Btk Kinase Assaythat can be used to test compounds disclosed in this application is asfollows.

Ramos cells are incubated at a density of 0.5×10⁷ cells/ml in thepresence of test compound for 1 hr at 37° C. Cells are then stimulatedby incubating with 10 μg/ml anti-human IgM F(ab)₂ for 5 minutes at 37°C. Cells are pelleted, lysed, and a protein assay is performed on thecleared lysate. Equal protein amounts of each sample are subject toSDS-PAGE and western blotting with either anti-phosphoBtk(Tyr223)antibody (Cell Signaling Technology #3531) to assess Btkautophosphorylation or an anti-Btk antibody (BD Transduction Labs#611116) to control for total amounts of Btk in each lysate.

EXAMPLE 7 B-Cell Proliferation Assay

A generalized procedure for a standard cellular B-cell proliferationassay that can be used to test compounds disclosed in this applicationis as follows.

B-cells are purified from spleens of 8-16 week old Balb/c mice using aB-cell isolation kit (Miltenyi Biotech, Cat # 130-090-862). Testingcompounds are diluted in 0.25% DMSO and incubated with 2.5×10⁵ purifiedmouse splenic B-cells for 30 min prior to addition of 10 μg/ml of ananti-mouse IgM antibody (Southern Biotechnology Associates Cat #1022-01) in a final volume of 100 μl. Following 24 hr incubation, 1 μCi³H-thymidine is added and plates are incubated an additional 36 hr priorto harvest using the manufacturer's protocol for SPA[³H] thymidineuptake assay system (Amersham Biosciences # RPNQ 0130). SPA-bead basedfluorescence is counted in a microbeta counter (Wallace Triplex 1450,Perkin Elmer).

EXAMPLE 8 T Cell Proliferation Assay

A generalized procedure for a standard T cell proliferation assay thatcan be used to test compounds disclosed in this application is asfollows.

T cells are purified from spleens of 8-16 week old Balb/c mice using aPan T cell isolation kit (Miltenyi Biotech, Cat # 130-090-861). Testingcompounds are diluted in 0.25% DMSO and incubated with 2.5×10⁵ purifiedmouse splenic T cells in a final volume of 100 μl in flat clear bottomplates precoated for 90 min at 37° C. with 10 μg/ml each of anti-CD3 (BD# 553057) and anti-CD28 (BD # 553294) antibodies. Following 24 hrincubation, 1 μCi ³H-thymidine is added and plates incubated anadditional 36 hr prior to harvest using the manufacturer's protocol forSPA[³H] thymidine uptake assay system (Amersham Biosciences # RPNQ0130). SPA-bead based fluorescence was counted in a microbeta counter(Wallace Triplex 1450, Perkin Elmer).

EXAMPLE 9 CD86 Inhibition Assay

A generalized procedure for a standard assay for the inhibition of Bcell activity that can be used to test compounds disclosed in thisapplication is as follows.

Total mouse splenocytes are purified from spleens of 8-16 week oldBalb/c mice by red blood cell lysis (BD Pharmingen #555899). Testingcompounds are diluted to 0.5% DMSO and incubated with 1.25×10⁶splenocytes in a final volume of 200 μl in flat clear bottom plates(Falcon 353072) for 60 min at 37° C. Cells are then stimulated with theaddition of 15 μ[g/ml IgM (Jackson ImmunoResearch 115-006-020), andincubated for 24 hr at 37° C., 5% CO₂. Following the 24 hr incubation,cells are transferred to conical bottom clear 96-well plates andpelleted by centrifugation at 1200×g×5 min. Cells are preblocked byCD16/CD32 (BD Pharmingen #553142), followed by triple staining withCD19-FITC (BD Pharmingen #553785), CD86-PE (BD Pharmingen #553692), and7AAD (BD Pharmingen #51-68981E). Cells are sorted on a BD FACSCaliburand gated on the CD19⁺/7AAD⁻ population. The levels of CD86 surfaceexpression on the gated population is measured versus test compoundconcentration.

EXAMPLE 10 B-ALL Cell Survival Assay

The following is a procedure for a standard B-ALL cell survival studyusing an XTT readout to measure the number of viable cells. This assaycan be used to test compounds disclosed in this application for theirability to inhibit the survival of B-ALL cells in culture. One humanB-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia line that can be used is SUP-B15, ahuman Pre-B-cell ALL line that is available from the ATCC.

SUP-B15 pre-B-ALL cells are plated in multiple 96-well microtiter platesin 100 μl of Iscove's media+20% FBS at a concentration of 5×10⁵cells/ml. Test compounds are then added with a final conc. of 0.4% DMSO.Cells are incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO₂ for up to 3 days. After 3 dayscells are split 1:3 into fresh 96-well plates containing the testcompound and allowed to grow up to an additional 3 days. After each 24 hperiod, 50 ul of an XTT solution (Roche) is added to one of thereplicate 96-well plates and absorbance readings are taken at 2, 4 and20 hours following manufacturer's directions. The reading taken with anOD for DMSO only treated cells within the linear range of the assay(0.5-1.5) is then taken and the percentage of viable cells in thecompound treated wells are measured versus the DMSO only treated cells.

EXAMPLE 11

The compounds disclosed in the examples above were tested in the Btkbiochemical assay described herein (Example 5) and certain of thosecompounds exhibited an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to 1 micromolar.Certain of those compounds exhibited an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to100 nM. Certain of those compounds exhibited an IC₅₀ value less than orequal to 10 nM.

Some of the compounds disclosed in the examples above were tested in theB-cell proliferation assay (as described in Example 7) and exhibited anIC₅₀ value less than or equal to 10 micromolar. Certain of thosecompounds exhibited an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to 1 micromolar.Certain of those compounds exhibited an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to500 nM in this assay.

Certain of those compounds did not inhibit T-cell proliferation and hadIC₅₀ values greater than or equal to 5 micromolar when assayed underconditions described herein (as described in Example 8).

Certain compounds disclosed herein exhibited IC₅₀ values for inhibitionof T-cell proliferation that were at least 3-fold, and in some instances5-fold, or even 10-fold greater than the IC₅₀ values of those compoundsfor inhibition of B-cell proliferation.

Some of the compounds disclosed herein were tested in an assay forinhibition of B cell activity (under the conditions described in Example9), and exhibited an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to 10 micromolar.Certain of those compounds exhibited an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to1 micromolar. Certain of those compounds exhibited an IC₅₀ value lessthan or equal to 500 nM in this assay.

Some of the compounds disclosed herein were tested in a B-cell leukemiacell survival assay (under the conditions described in Example 10), andexhibit an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to 10 micromolar.

Some of the compounds disclosed in disclosed herein exhibited bothbiochemical and cell-based activity. For example, some of the compoundsdisclosed herein exhibited an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to 10micromolar in the Btk biochemical assay described herein (Example 5) andan IC₅₀ value less than or equal to 10 micromolar in at least one of thecell-based assays (other than the T-cell assay) described herein(Examples 6, 7, 9 or 10). Certain of those compounds exhibited an IC₅₀value less than or equal to 1 micromolar in the Btk biochemical assaydescribed herein (Example 5) and an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to 10micromolar in at least one of the cell-based assays (other than theT-cell assay) described herein (Examples 6, 7, 9 or 10). Certain ofthose compounds exhibited an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to 0.1micromolar and an IC₅₀ value less than or equal to 10 micromolar in atleast one of the cell-based assays (other than the T-cell assay)described herein (Examples 6, 7, 9 or 10).

While some embodiments have been shown and described, variousmodifications and substitutions may be made thereto without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, for claimconstruction purposes, it is not intended that the claims set forthhereinafter be construed in any way narrower than the literal languagethereof, and it is thus not intended that exemplary embodiments from thespecification be read into the claims. Accordingly, it is to beunderstood that the present invention has been described by way ofillustration and not limitations on the scope of the claims.

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the artcan, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention toits fullest extent. The preceding preferred specific embodiments are,therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative ofthe remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever.

In the foregoing and in the examples, all temperatures are set forthuncorrected in degrees Celsius and, all parts and percentages are byweight, unless otherwise indicated.

The entire disclosures of all applications, patents and publications,cited herein and of corresponding U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.60/843,851 filed Sep. 11, 2006, is incorporated by reference herein.

The preceding examples can be repeated with similar success bysubstituting the generically or specifically described reactants and/oroperating conditions of this invention for those used in the precedingexamples.

From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easilyascertain the essential characteristics of this invention and, withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changesand modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages andconditions.

1. A compound chosen from compounds of Formula 1:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, chelate, or non-covalent complexthereof, wherein R is chosen from optionally substituted aryl andoptionally substituted heteroaryl; R₄ is chosen from hydrogen,optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkoxy,halo, and hydroxy; R₂₁ and R₂₂ are independently chosen from hydrogenand optionally substituted lower alkyl; R₁₆ is chosen from hydrogen,cyano, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, and optionally substitutedlower alkyl; A is chosen from optionally substituted 5-memberedheteroaryl, optionally substituted pyridazinyl, optionally substitutedpyrimidinyl, and optionally substituted pyrazinyl; L is chosen fromoptionally substituted C₀-C₄alkylene, —O-optionally substitutedC₀-C₄alkylene, —(C₀-C₄alkylene)(SO)—, —(C₀-C₄alkylene)(SO₂)—; and—(C₀-C₄alkylene)(C═O)—; and G is chosen from hydrogen, halo, hydroxy,alkoxy, nitro, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substitutedamino, optionally substituted carbamimidoyl, optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.
 2. The compoundof claim 1 wherein R is chosen from4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl and substituted4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl chosen from mono-, di-, andtri-substituted 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl wherein thesubstituents are independently chosen from hydroxy, lower alkyl,sulfonyl, halo, lower alkoxy, and heteroaryl.
 3. The compound of claim 2wherein R is chosen from 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl andsubstituted 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl chosen from mono-,di-, and tri-substituted 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl whereinthe substituents is lower alkyl.
 4. The compound of claim 3 wherein R ischosen from 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl.
 5. The compound ofclaim 1 wherein R is chosen from5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophen-2-yl and substituted5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophen-2-yl chosen from mono-, di-,and tri-substituted 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophen-2-ylwherein the substituents are independently chosen from lower alkyl. 6.The compound of claim 5 wherein R is chosen from5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophen-2-yl.
 7. The compound ofclaim 1 wherein R is chosen from 6,7-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-c]pyran-2-yland benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl.
 8. The compound of claim 1 wherein R issubstituted phenyl chosen from mono-, di-, and tri-substituted phenylwherein the substituents are independently chosen from hydroxy, loweralkyl, sulfanyl, sulfonyl, nitro, optionally substituted amino, loweralkoxy, lower alkyl substituted with one or more halo, lower alkoxysubstituted with one or more halo, lower alkyl substituted with hydroxy,lower alkyl substituted with lower alkoxy, and heteroaryl.
 9. Thecompound of claim 8 wherein R is substituted phenyl chosen from mono-,di-, and tri-substituted phenyl wherein the substituents areindependently chosen from hydroxy, lower alkyl, sulfonyl, halo, loweralkoxy, and heteroaryl.
 10. The compound of claim 9 wherein R is 4-loweralkyl-phenyl-.
 11. The compound of claim 10 wherein R is4-tert-butyl-phenyl.
 12. The compound of claim 1 wherein R is phenylsubstituted with heterocycloalkyl.
 13. The compound of claim 1 wherein Ris substituted pyridinyl chosen from mono-, di-, and tri-substitutedpyridinyl wherein the substituents are independently chosen fromhydroxy, lower alkyl, sulfanyl, sulfonyl, optionally substituted amino,lower alkoxy, lower alkyl substituted with one or more halo, loweralkoxy substituted with one or more halo, lower alkyl substituted withhydroxy, lower alkyl substituted with lower alkoxy, and heteroaryl. 14.The compound of claim 13 wherein R is 6-lower alkyl-pyridinyl.
 15. Thecompound of claim 14 wherein R is 6-tert-butyl-pyridinyl.
 16. Thecompound of claim 1 wherein the compound of Formula 1 is chosen fromcompounds of Formula 2:

wherein R₅ is chosen from hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, sulfonyl,optionally substituted amino, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl substituted withone or more halo, lower alkoxy substituted with one or more halo, loweralkyl substituted with hydroxy, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and X is chosen from N and CH.17. The compound of claim 16 wherein the compound of Formula 2 is chosenfrom compounds of Formula 3:

wherein Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃ are independently chosen from N and CH, providedthat one of Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃ is N.
 18. The compound of claim 17 whereinthe compound of Formula 3 is chosen from compounds of Formula 4:


19. The compound of claim 16 wherein the compound of Formula 2 is chosenfrom compounds of Formula 5:

wherein Z₁ is chosen from O, S, and NR₁₀, and R₁₀ is chosen fromhydrogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl.
 20. The compound ofclaim 19 wherein the compound of Formula 5 is chosen from compounds ofFormula 6:


21. The compound of claim 16 wherein the compound of Formula 2 is chosenfrom compounds of Formula 7:

wherein Z₂ is chosen from O, S, and NR₁₁; and R₁₁ is chosen fromhydrogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl.
 22. The compound ofclaim 21 wherein the compound of Formula 7 is chosen from compounds ofFormula 8:


23. The compound of claim 1 wherein L is chosen from optionallysubstituted C₀-C₄alkylene, —O-optionally substituted C₀-C₄alkylene,—(C₀-C₄alkylene)(SO₂)—; and —(C₀-C₄alkylene)(C═O)—.
 24. The compound ofclaim 23 wherein L is chosen from optionally substituted C₀-C₄alkyleneand —(C₀-C₄alkylene)(C═O)—.
 25. The compound of claim 24 wherein L is acovalent bond.
 26. The compound of claim 24 wherein L is —(C═O)—. 27.The compound of claim 1 wherein G is chosen from hydrogen, optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted alkyl.
 28. Thecompound of claim 27 wherein G is chosen from hydrogen, optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted lower alkyl.
 29. Thecompound of claim 28 wherein G is chosen from hydrogen, cycloalkyl, andlower alkyl.
 30. The compound of claim 1 wherein G is chosen from —NR₇R₈wherein R₇ and R₈ are independently chosen from hydrogen, optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl; orwherein R₇ and R₈, together with the nitrogen to which they are bound,form an optionally substituted 5- to 7-membered nitrogen containingheterocycloalkyl which optionally further includes one or two additionalheteroatoms chosen from N, O, and S; and lower alkoxy and lower alkoxysubstituted with one or more hydroxyl.
 31. The compound of claim 30wherein G is chosen from —NR₇R₈ wherein R₇ and R₈ are independentlychosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, and optionallysubstituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl; optionally substituted piperazin-1-yl;optionally substituted piperidin-1-yl; optionally substitutedpyrrolidinyl; and lower alkoxy substituted with one or more hydroxyl.32. The compound of claim 31 wherein G is chosen from —NH-cyclopropyl;—NR₇R₈ wherein R₇ and R₈ are independently chosen from hydrogen and(C₁-C₆)alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents chosenfrom OH, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, amino, NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl) and N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂; and—OCH₂CH₂OH.
 33. The compound of claim 31 wherein G is chosen frommorpholin-4-yl; 4-lower alkyl-piperazin-1-yl; 4-hydroxy-piperidin-1-yl;4-lower alkyl-piperazin-1-yl wherein said alkyl is substituted with oneor more substituents chosen from CN, OH, and SO₂-lower alkyl; 4-loweralkyl-piperidin-1-yl wherein said alkyl is substituted with OH;4-hydroxy-4-lower alkyl-piperidin-1-yl; 3-carboxamido-piperidin-1-yl;4-morpholino-piperidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl; 3-hydroxy-3-loweralkyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl; and pyrrolidin-2-yl.
 34. The compound of claim 33wherein G is chosen from morpholin-4-yl, 4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl,4-ethyl-piperazin-1-yl, 4-isopropyl-piperazin-1-yl,4-hydroxy-piperidin-1-yl, 4-HOCH₂CH₂-piperazin-1-yl,4-NCCH₂CH₂-piperazin-1-yl, 4-SO₂(Me)CH₂CH₂-piperazin-1-yl,4-HOCH₂-piperidin-1-yl, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-piperidin-1-yl;3-carboxamido-piperidin-1-yl, 4-morpholino-piperidin-1-yl,pyrrolidin-1-yl, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl, andpyrrolidin-2-yl.
 35. The compound of claim 1 wherein R₄ is chosen fromhydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substitutedlower alkoxy, cyano, halo, and hydroxy.
 36. The compound of claim 35wherein R₄ is chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl,optionally substituted lower alkoxy, halo, and hydroxy.
 37. The compoundof claim 36 wherein R₄ is chosen from methyl, trifluoromethyl,difluoromethyl, methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, and fluoro.38. The compound of claim 37 wherein R₄ is methyl.
 39. The compound ofclaim 1 wherein R₂₂ is chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl.
 40. Thecompound of claim 39 wherein R₂₂ is chosen from hydrogen and methyl. 41.The compound of claim 40 wherein R₂₂ is hydrogen.
 42. The compound ofclaim 1 wherein R₁₆ is chosen from hydrogen, lower alkyl, and loweralkyl substituted with a group chosen from optionally substitutedalkoxy, optionally substituted amino, and optionally substituted acyl.43. The compound of claim 42 wherein R₁₆ is chosen from hydrogen andlower alkyl.
 44. The compound of claim 43 wherein R₁₆ is chosen fromhydrogen, methyl, and ethyl.
 45. The compound of claim 44 wherein R₁₆ ischosen from methyl and ethyl.
 46. The compound of claim 1 wherein R₂₁ ischosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl.
 47. The compound of claim 46wherein R₂₁ is chosen from hydrogen and methyl.
 48. The compound ofclaim 47 wherein R₂₁ is hydrogen.
 49. The compound of claim 16 wherein Xis CH.
 50. The compound of claim 16 wherein X is N.
 51. The compound ofclaim 16 wherein R₅ is chosen from hydrogen, optionally substitutedpiperidinyl, and lower alkyl.
 52. The compound of claim 51 wherein R₅ ischosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted piperidinyl, iso-propyl,and tert-butyl.
 53. The compound of claim 52, wherein R₅ is tert-butyl.54. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound exhibits an IC₅₀ of 10micromolar or less in an in vitro biochemical assay of Btk activity. 55.The compound of claim 41, wherein the compound exhibits an IC₅₀ of 1micromolar or less in an in vitro biochemical assay of Btk activity. 56.The compound of claim 55, wherein the compound exhibits an IC₅₀ of 0.1micromolar or less in an in vitro biochemical assay of Btk activity. 57.The compound of claim 1 wherein the compound exhibits an IC₅₀ of 10micromolar or less in an assay for inhibition of B-cell activity. 58.The compound of claim 57 wherein the compound exhibits an IC₅₀ of 1micromolar or less in an assay for inhibition of B-cell activity. 59.The compound of claim 58 wherein the compound exhibits an IC₅₀ of 500nanomolar or less in an assay for inhibition of B-cell activity.
 60. Thecompound of claim 1 wherein the compound exhibits an IC₅₀ value in anassay for inhibition of T-cell proliferation that is at least 3-foldgreater than an IC₅₀ value that the compound exhibits in an assay forinhibition of B-cell proliferation.
 61. The compound of claim 60,wherein the compound exhibits an IC₅₀ value in an assay for inhibitionof T-cell proliferation that is at least 5-fold greater than an IC₅₀value that the compound exhibits in an assay for inhibition of B-cellproliferation.
 62. The compound of claim 61, wherein the compoundexhibits an IC₅₀ value in an assay for inhibition of T-cellproliferation that is at least 10-fold greater than an IC₅₀ value thatthe compound exhibits in an assay for inhibition of B-cellproliferation.
 63. The compound of claim 1 wherein the compound exhibitsan IC₅₀ of 10 micromolar or less in a B-ALL cell survival assay.
 64. Thecompound of claim 1 wherein the compound is chosen from:4-tert-Butyl-N-{3-[5-(5-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl}-benzamide;4-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(1-methyl-5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)benzamide;4-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-3-(5-(6-morpholinopyridazin-3-ylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)phenyl)benzamide;

pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 65. A pharmaceuticalcomposition, comprising a compound of claim 1, together with at leastone pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle chosen from carriers, adjuvants,and excipients.
 66. A pharmaceutical composition of claim 65, whereinthe composition is formulated in a form chosen from injectable fluids,aerosols, creams, gels, tablets, pills, capsules, syrups, ophthalmicsolutions, and transdermal patches.
 67. A packaged pharmaceuticalcomposition, comprising a pharmaceutical composition of claim 65; andinstructions for using the composition to treat a patient suffering froma disease responsive to inhibition of Btk activity.
 68. The packagedpharmaceutical composition of claim 67 wherein the disease responsive toinhibition of Btk activity is cancer.
 69. The packaged pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 67 wherein the disease responsive to inhibition ofBtk activity is chosen from allergic disorders, autoimmune diseases,inflammatory diseases, and acute inflammatory reactions.
 70. A compoundof claim 1 for treating a disease responsive to inhibition of Btkactivity.
 71. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R is4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl or mono-, di-, ortri-substituted 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl wherein thesubstituents are independently chosen from hydroxy, lower alkyl,sulfonyl, halo, lower alkoxy, and heteroaryl;5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophen-2-yl or mono-, di-, ortri-substituted 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophen-2-yl whereinthe substituents are independently chosen from lower alkyl;6,7-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-c]pyran-2-yl or benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl; phenylsubstituted with heterocycloalkyl; or 6-lower alkyl-pyridinyl; R₄ ishydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, halo, or hydroxy(methyl,trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, methoxy, trifluoromethoxy,difluoromethoxy, and fluoro); R₂₁ and R₂₂ are each independentlyhydrogen or lower alkyl (hydrogen or methyl); R₁₆ is hydrogen, loweralkyl, or lower alkyl substituted with a group chosen from alkoxy,amino, and acyl (hydrogen or lower alkyl); A is 5-membered heteroaryl,pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, or pyrazinyl; L is C₀-C₄alkylene,—O—C₀-C₄alkylene, —(C₀-C₄alkylene)(SO)—, —(C₀-C₄alkylene)(SO₂)—; or—(C₀-C₄alkylene)(C═O)—(a covalent bond or —(C═O)—); G is hydrogen,cycloalkyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkoxy substituted with oneor more hydroxyl, —NR₇R₈. morpholin-4-yl, 4-lower alkyl-piperazin-1-yl,4-hydroxy-piperidin-1-yl, 4-lower alkyl-piperazin-1-yl wherein saidalkyl is substituted with one or more substituents chosen from CN, OH,and SO₂-lower alkyl, 4-lower alkyl-piperidin-1-yl wherein said alkyl issubstituted with OH, 4-hydroxy-4-lower alkyl-piperidin-1-yl,3-carboxamido-piperidin-1-yl, 4-morpholino-piperidin-1-yl,pyrrolidin-1-yl, 3-hydroxy-3-lower alkyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl, orpyrrolidin-2-yl (hydrogen, cyclopropyl, methyl, and tert-butyl); and R₇and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, cycloalkyl, or (C₁-C₆)alkyloptionally substituted with one or more substituents chosen from OH,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, amino, NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl) and N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂.
 72. Acompound according to claim 71, wherein R₄ is methyl, trifluoromethyl,difluoromethyl, methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, and fluoro;R₂₁ and R₂₂ are each independently hydrogen or methyl; R₁₆ is hydrogenor lower alkyl; L is a covalent bond or —(C═O)—; G is hydrogen,cyclopropyl, methyl, and tert-butyl.